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The Atmosphere

The Atmosphere. Air. Air is a mixture of gases. Nitrogen (N 2 ) makes up almost 4/5 of air. Oxygen (O 2 ) makes up almost 1/5 of air. 1% approximately. Composition of air. Experiment. To show that oxygen makes up almost 1/5 of air. Steel wool. Graduated cylinder. Water trough.

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The Atmosphere

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  1. The Atmosphere

  2. Air • Air is a mixture of gases. • Nitrogen (N2) makes up almost 4/5 of air. • Oxygen (O2) makes up almost 1/5 of air.

  3. 1% approximately Composition of air

  4. Experiment To show that oxygen makes up almost 1/5 of air

  5. Steel wool Graduated cylinder Water trough MethodTo show that oxygen makes up almost 1/5 of air • Pack some steel wool into the bottom of a graduated cylinder. • Invert the cylinder in a basin of water. • Leave for about one week. • Measure the height that the water rises up the cylinder.

  6. Steel wool rusted Water risen up cylinder ResultTo show that oxygen makes up almost 1/5 of air One week later … • The steel wool rusts. • Water rises up the cylinder to replace the oxygen used up.

  7. ConclusionTo show that oxygen makes up almost 1/5 of air • As the steel wool rusts, it uses up the oxygen in the air. • Water rises up the cylinder to replace the oxygen used up, to approximately 1/5th of the height of the cylinder. Therefore, oxygen is present in air in the proportion of one-fifth.

  8. Experiment To show that there is carbon dioxide in air

  9. Air To vacuum pump Limewater Method To show that there is carbon dioxide in air Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Air is bubbled through the clear limewater.

  10. Result To show that there is carbon dioxide in air Eventually the limewater turns cloudy or milky in colour.

  11. Conclusion To show that there is carbon dioxide in air The only gas that causes limewater to turn from clear to milky in colour is carbon dioxide. Therefore, air contains carbon dioxide.

  12. Experiment To show there is water vapour in the air

  13. Test tube containing ice Condensed water vapour MethodTo show there is water vapour in the air • Fill a test tube with ice and stopper it. • Dry the outside of the test tube. • When you see a liquid has formed on the outside of the glass, place a piece of cobalt chloride paper against the test tube.

  14. ResultTo show there is water vapour in the air The cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink.

  15. ConclusionTo show there is water vapour in the air Cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink only when water is present. Therefore, air contains water vapour.

  16. Experiment To prepare and examineoxygen gas

  17. Equation To prepare and examine oxygen gas manganese dioxide hydrogen peroxide oxygen water + MnO2 2H2O2 O2 2H20 +

  18. Hydrogen peroxide Tap funnel Delivery tube Oxygen Water Glass jar Beehive shelf Manganese dioxide Trough Apparatus To prepare and examine oxygen gas

  19. Properties of oxygen gas • Oxygen gas is a colourless, odourless gas.

  20. Properties of oxygen gas • Oxygen gas relights a glowing splint. Glowing splint Flames

  21. OXYGEN FUEL HEAT Properties of oxygen gas • Oxygen gas supports combustion.

  22. Properties of oxygen gas • Oxygen gas is a neutral gas. Neutral Blue litmus stays blue Red litmus stays red

  23. Experiment Preparation of carbon dioxide gas

  24. EquationPreparation of carbon dioxide gas calcium chloride calcium carbonate + water + hydrochloric acid + carbon dioxide + + + CO2 CaCI2 H2O CaCO3 2HCI

  25. Dilute hydrochloric acid Tap funnel Carbon dioxide Water Glass jar Beehive shelf Calcium carbonate (“marble chips”) Trough ApparatusPreparation of carbon dioxide gas

  26. Carbon dioxide Gas jar Limewater turns milky because carbon dioxide is present Limewater Properties of carbon dioxide gas • Carbon dioxide gas causes limewater to turn from clear to milky in colour

  27. Equation calcium carbonate carbon dioxide calcium hydroxide water + + H2O + Ca(OH)2 + CaCO3 CO2

  28. Properties of carbon dioxide gas • Carbon dioxide gas does not support combustion and is more dense than air.

  29. Properties of carbon dioxide gas • Carbon dioxide gas is acidic. Acidic Blue litmus turns red

  30. Properties of carbon dioxide gas • Carbon dioxide gas is colourless and odourless.

  31. Fire extinguishers Stage effects CO2 Refrigeration (dry ice) Fizzy drinks Uses of carbon dioxide

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