Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

1. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Prabhas Chongstitvatana ChulalongkornUniversity March 2019

2. More Information • Search “Prabhas Chongstitvatana” • Go to me homepage

3. Outline • AI fundamentals • Machine learning • AI in Medicine

4. AI Fundamentals

5. What is AI? • an intelligent agent that acts like human. • this includes software services (aka Apps) and automated machines (think smart robot vacuum, automated factory etc.).

7. What can AI do? • understand human speech • identify objects from pictures • play games • analyse big financial data • drive cars • control robots • automate many jobs

9. Source: Wikipedia “AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol”

11. How a computer program be intelligent? • There are two approaches in the development of AI. • Logic • Memory an learning

12. First, using logical reasoning. • Computer program can perform deductive reasoning such as socrates is a human human are motal therefore socrates is mortal • We can use logic to encode situation in the real world when it rains, you cannot play tennis outdoor.

14. Using large amount of rules and facts, computer programs can deduce a lot of things. • Hence, it behaves intelligently.

15. Second, use memory and learning • We can imitate human brain by encoding information and memory into a large connected network. • This network responses to input with a correct output. The relationship of this input/output can be learn from large amount of data without human intervention. • This type of approch is called Artificial Neural Networks.

16. A hippocampal neuron seen in culture. Dendrites are green, dendritic spines are red and DNA is blue. Science Source/Getty Images

17. Artificial Neural Network 3-layer

19. Example, recognise the picture of my wife • I can show a lot of pictures of my wife from many angles. Then I can train a kind of network to remember this face. I also train a lot of pictures of not-my-wife face. So, now the network can distinguish between my-wife and not-my-wife faces.

20. This is the most popular method today. • Multiple layers (update few hundreds) of this Network can be constructed • It is called Deep learning

21. Example of NN layer Source: Webpage of http://cs231n.stanford.edu/

22. Another way to create AI program is by using "search". • The problem is encoded as many alternative way to solve it, and AI program looks at these alternatives (which can be enormously large in number) and choose a path carefully until a good solution is found. • For example, the sequence of chess moves can be "search" to maximise the possibility to win the game.

24. AI in Medicine (Rule-based) • So called Expert System • Famous example: E-MYCIN • E-Mycin in Artificial Intelligence Program is used for Respiratory tract infections, Bacterial infections, Pertussis, Listeriosis, Skin and skin structure infections, Diphtheria and other conditions.

25. Source: Rule Based Expert Systems and the MYCIN Project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcp-XeOQSFA

26. Source: Rule Based Expert Systems and the MYCIN Project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcp-XeOQSFA

27. Combining evidences

28. Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-08-24/ibm-s-watson-failed-against-cancer-but-a-i-still-has-promise

29. Source: https://www.ft.com/content/3de44984-9ef0-11e8-85da-eeb7a9ce36e4

30. Summary • Artificial Intelligence is an attempt to mimic the way human think. • It has been widely successful in many applications. • One of the most successful technique is “Machine Learning.” • ML exhibits some performance that surpass human. • But we have to be cautious in developing and deploying these systems. • AI needs to avoid “Bias” and needs to be “Transparent.”

31. More Information • Search “Prabhas Chongstitvatana” • Go to me homepage