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Man that was a lot of work… What does it mean???. It’s all About Relationships … and I don’t mean the touchy-feely kind. X axis is Independent Variable Cause Y axis is Dependent Variable Effect. Here are the Averages. Range of Activity. Increased CORT means a more ACTIVE bird
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It’s all About Relationships… and I don’t mean the touchy-feely kind • X axis is Independent Variable • Cause • Y axis is Dependent Variable • Effect
Range of Activity • Increased CORT means a more ACTIVE bird • Activities: • Increased foraging behavior • Decreased parental behavior • Decreased aggression
Why the differences??? Medium CORT Arctic Tioga Pass, CA Highest CORT Equator Lowest CORT
Tropics • Pathogen pressure • increases at the equator • CORT can be immunosuppressive • Tropical birds must maintain low CORT • Means respond weakly to stress
Arctic • Weather conditions limit breeding opportunities • Increased CORT decreases parental care • Must have lower levels of CORT then Tioga • Arctic - one brood • Tioga – one to two broods
Tioga • Increased CORT increases activity and foraging behavior • Need to be able to reacted to changing weather conditions • from mild to sever storms • Can try for a second brood later
Males 80 Females 60 40 20 11 9 8 13 8 5 0 PESA SESA WESA REPH F Parental care? : M M + F Corticosterone Increase, ng/ml Magnitude of Pectoral Semipalmated Red Sandpiper Sandpiper Phalarope
Reference Page • Breuner, C. W., Greenberg, A. L., and Wingfield, J. C. (1998). Non-Invasive Corticosterone Treatment Rapidly Increases Activity in Gambel's White-Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichialeucophrysgambelii). General and Comparative Endocrinology 111: 386-394 • Breuner, C., & Hahn, T. 2003. Integrating stress physiology, environmental change, and behavior in free-living sparrows. Hormones & Behavior, 43: 115-123. • Malisch, J., & Breuner, C. 2010. Steriod-binding proteins and free steroids. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 316: 42-52. • Martin II, L., Gilliam, J., Hahn, P., Lee, K., Wikelski, M. 2005. Corticosterone suppresses cutaneous immune function in temperate but not tropical House Sparrows, Passer domesticus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 140(2): 126-135.
Storm Foraging Success/Body Condition Poor Good Increase CORT Remain Can’t Find Food Intensify Search for Food Find Food Leave