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Universe without Expansion

Universe without Expansion. NATURE | NEWS Cosmologist claims Universe may not be expanding Particles' changing masses could explain why distant galaxies appear to be rushing away. Jon Cartwright 16 July 2013. German physicist stops Universe 25.07.2013. Sonntagszeitung Zuerich Laukenmann.

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Universe without Expansion

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  1. Universe without Expansion

  2. NATURE | NEWS Cosmologist claims Universe may not be expanding Particles' changing masses could explain why distant galaxies appear to be rushing away. Jon Cartwright16 July 2013 German physicist stops Universe 25.07.2013

  3. Sonntagszeitung Zuerich Laukenmann

  4. The Universe is shrinking

  5. The Universe is shrinking …while Planck mass and particle masses are increasing

  6. What is increasing ? Ratio of distance between galaxies over size of atoms ! atom size constant : expanding geometry alternative : shrinking size of atoms general idea not new : Hoyle, Narlikar,…

  7. Two models of“ Variable Gravity Universe “ Scalar field coupled to gravity Effective Planck mass depends on scalar field Simple scalar potential : quadratic ( model A ) cosmological constant ( model B ) Nucleon and electron mass proportional to Planck mass Neutrino mass has different dependence on scalar field

  8. Simplicity simple description of all cosmological epochs natural incorporation of Dark Energy : inflation Early Dark Energy present Dark Energy dominated epoch

  9. Model A Inflation : Universe expands Radiation : Universe shrinks Matter : Universe shrinks Dark Energy : Universe expands

  10. Model B • Inflation : Universe expands • Radiation : Static Minkowski space • Matter : Universe expands • Dark Energy : Universe expands

  11. Compatibility with observations Both models lead to same predictions for radiation, matter , and Dark Energy domination, despite the very different expansion history Different inflation models: A: n=0.97, r=0.13 B: n=0.95, r=0.04 Almost same prediction for radiation, matter, and Dark Energy domination as ΛCDM Presence of small fraction of Early Dark Energy Large neutrino lumps

  12. Einstein frame Weyl scaling maps variable gravity model to Universe with fixed masses and standard expansion history. Standard gravity coupled to scalar field.

  13. Cosmon inflation Unified picture of inflation and dynamical dark energy Cosmon and inflaton are the same field

  14. Quintessence Dynamical dark energy , generated by scalarfield (cosmon ) C.Wetterich,Nucl.Phys.B302(1988)668, 24.9.87 P.J.E.Peebles,B.Ratra,ApJ.Lett.325(1988)L17, 20.10.87

  15. Prediction : homogeneous dark energyinfluences recent cosmology- of same order as dark matter - Original models do not fit the present observations …. modifications

  16. Merits of variable gravity models Economical setting No big bang singularity Arrow of time Simple initial conditions for inflation

  17. Model A μ= 2  10-33 eV

  18. Scalar field equation:additional force from R counteracts potential gradient : increasing χ !

  19. Incoherent contribution to scalar field equation if particle mass proportional to χ :

  20. Modified Einstein equation New term with derivatives of scalar field

  21. Curvature scalar and Hubble parameter

  22. Scaling solutions( for constant K ) Four different scaling solutions for inflation, radiation domination, matter domination and Dark Energy domination

  23. Scalar dominated epoch, inflation Universe expands for K > -4, shrinks for K < -4.

  24. No big bang singularity

  25. Scaling solution is attractive

  26. Scaling solution ends when K gets closer to -6

  27. Radiation domination Universe shrinks !

  28. Early Dark Energy Energy density in radiation increases , proportional to cosmon potential fraction in early dark energy requires large α >10

  29. scaling of particle masses mass of electron or nucleon is proportional to variable Planck mass χ ! effective potential for Higgs doublet h

  30. cosmon coupling to matter qχ=-(ρ-3p)/χ

  31. Matter domination Universe shrinks !

  32. Neutrino mass seesaw and cascade mechanism triplet expectation value ~ doublet squared omit generation structure

  33. Neutrino mass assume that singlet scale has not yet reached scaling limit ~ χ

  34. Dark Energy domination neutrino masses scale differently from electron mass new scaling solution. not yet reached. at present : transition period

  35. Why now problem Why does fraction in Dark Energy increase in present cosmological epoch , and not much earlier or much later ? neutrinos become non-relativistic at z = 5

  36. Model B

  37. Radiation domination Flat static Minkowski space ! H=0 ! exact regular solution ! (constant K ) constant energy density

  38. Matter domination

  39. Observations simplest description in Einstein frame

  40. Weyl scaling (A)

  41. Kinetial scalar σ with standard normalization

  42. Cosmon inflation

  43. Inflation : Slow roll parameters End of inflation at ε = 1

  44. Number of e-foldings before end of inflation ε, η, N can all be computed from kinetial alone

  45. Spectral index and tensor to scalar ratio Model A

  46. Amplitude of density fluctuations

  47. Properties of density fluctuations , model A

  48. Einstein frame , model B k2 for large χ : no difference to model A

  49. inflation model B approximate relation between r and n n=0.95 , r=0.035

  50. Properties of density fluctuations, model B

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