Exploring Poetry: Rhymes, Sound Devices, and Imagery

1. POETRY Rhymes, Rhyme Schemes, and the Sound devices

2. POET The poet is the author of the poem. SPEAKER The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem. POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY

3. RHYTHM • Rhythm It refers to the actual aural experience. The sound that results from a line of poetry or a verse • The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem •  Factors impacting rhythm: Timing: pauses, accelerations interaction of the meter with pronunciation of words and rhyme.

4. FORM - the appearance of the words on the page LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together POETRY FORM

5. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza

6. Perfect rhyme(exact, true, full) • The ending sounds of both words are identical • The initial vowel sound in both words must be identical • sky /high • Sound before the vowel sound must differ. • Green/mean • Both words must have the same stresses. • Try /sigh

7. Characteristics of Near rhyme(half, slant, approximate, off, oblique) • Final consonant sounds are the same • initial consonants and vowel sounds are different. • Mat and not • assonance or consonance are key components of rhyme

8. Assonance • Near rhyme • Repetition of vowel Sounds in two or more non-rhyming words • A Mad Man And A Fat Ham

9. Consonance • Near Rhyme • Repetition of consonant sounds in two or more non-rhyming words • Make Calm Calculations quickly

10. Alliteration • Repetition of the initial Vowel or consonant sound in two or more words Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young - Helplessly Hoping Helplessly Holding Her Hand

11. Onomatopoeia • The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named • Buzz, bang, beep

12. Some Other Types of Near Rhyme Rich rhyme (French for rime riche) • Word that rhymes with its homonym. • blue/blew, through/threw Eye rhyme • Based on spelling and not on sound. • love/move, come/home

13. INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. • From “The Raven” • by Edgar Allan Poe

14. Auditory Imagery:The Aural experience • Listen to the following pieces of music and use your IMAGINATION to create a free write or word palette • Where are you transported to when you listen? What do you see or feel in this place? DESCRIBE WHAT YOU HEAR

15. END RHYME • A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line • Hector the Collector • Collected bits of string. • Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.

16. WHAT IS A RHYME SCHEME? • A Rhyme scheme is a pattern seen in the arrangement of lines in a poem or lyrics for music. • letters of the alphabet represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. Robert Herrick- To Anthea Bid me to weep, and I will weep, (a) While I have eyes to see; (b) And having none, yet I will keep (a) A heart to weep for thee. (b)

17. Identify the rhyme scheme in W.B. Yeats Two Songs from a Play(excerpt) I saw a staring virgin stand a Where holy Dionysus died, b And tear the heart out of his side, b And lay the heart upon her hand a And bear that beating heart away; c And then did all the Muses sing d Of Magnus Annus at the spring, d As though God's death were but a play. c

18. FIGURATIVELANGUAGE Connotative literary devices

19. METAPHOR and SIMILE • A direct comparison of two unlike things • “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” • William Shakespeare Turn into a simile: “all the world is like a stage, and we are like the players”

20. IMPLIED METAPHOR • The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated. • “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.” • from The Pearl • by John Steinbeck

21. EXTENDED METAPHOR: • Conceit: • A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work. • Specific to poetry with purpose of showing a relationship between dissimilar things. Conceits are often seen as witty, complex, intellectual and/or startling • Allegory: a thematic or didactic story in which people, things or happenings have interconnected symbolic meaning

22. Amphigory and parody • A nonsensical piece of writing (such as Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky"), especially one that parodies a serious piece of writing. • A text that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect

23. Parodies in Alice’s Adventures Speak Roughly by Carroll Speak roughly to your little boy,And beat him when he sneezes: He only does it to annoy,Because he knows it teases. … Speak Gently by G.W. Langford Speak gently! It is better far To rule by love than fear; Speak gently; let no harsh words marThe good we might do here! …

24. Hyperbole • Exaggeration often used for emphasis. • What Am I? I’m bigger than the entire earth More powerful than the sea Though a million, billion have tried Not one could ever stop me. I control each person with my hand and hold up fleets of ships. I can make them bend to my will with one word from my lips. I’m the greatest power in the world in this entire nation. No one should ever try to stop a child’s imagination.

25. Litotes • from the Greek word 'litos' which means simple • Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic or a double negative • He is not the kindest person I've met. • That is no ordinary boy. He is not unaware of what you said behind his back. • This is no minor matter. • The weather is not unpleasant at all. • Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy” (verbal irony)

26. Idioms and Idiomatic expressions • An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says. • Often referred to as cliches because of a common linguistic understanding and overuse . It’s raining cats and dogs

27. Anthropomorphism is the act of giving the characteristics of humans to an animal, a god or an inanimate thing. Personification is the literary term used to describe this act in writing PERSONIFICATIONand ANTHROPOMORPHISM

28. Patterns in Poetry Meter and tempo

29. SYLLABLE • What is a syllable? • a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word • Determine the syllables “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks.”

30. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. • Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.

31. METER • A Metrical foot is one unit of syllabic measurement (2-3 syllables total) • (x) unstressed • ( / ) stressed • Similar to a heart beat, IAMBIC FOOT (x /) is the meter used by most hip hop artists (and Shakespeare

32. METER cont. • TYPES OF FEET (cont.) • Iambic - unstressed, stressed • Trochaic - stressed, unstressed • Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed • Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

33. Identifying Meter? • Monometer One Foot per line • Dimeter Two Feet per line • Trimeter Three Feet per line • Tetrameter Four Feet per line • Pentameter Five Feet per line • Hexameter Six Feet per line • Heptameter Seven Feet per line • Octameter Eight feet per line

34. Types of Verse Blank Verse (formal): Any verse comprised of unrhymed lines all in the same meter, usually iambic pentameter. It was developed in Italy and became widely used during the Renaissance because it resembled classical, unrhymed poetry. Rhyming Verse (formal): Two successive lines of which the final words rhyme with another. Free Verse (informal): a form of poetry that refrains from consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern

35. Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. BLANK VERSE POETRY

36. Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. FREE VERSE POETRY

37. Limericks • five lines • Usually anapaestic meter • The first line traditionally introduces a person and a place • Usually witty and/or obscene

38. Edward Lear There was an Old Man with a nose, Who said, 'If you choose to suppose, That my nose is too long, You are certainly wrong!' That remarkable Man with a nose. There was an Old Man of Peru, Who never knew what he should do; So he tore off his hair, And behaved like a bear, That intrinsic Old Man of Peru.