Improving monitoring campaigns : A case study

1. Dissemination Workshop on Evaluating Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants Improving monitoring campaigns : A case study Lyngby, Denmark 2-3 February 2010

2. Source control option for Reducing Priority Pollutants • Role in the ScorePP project • Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives

3. Role in the ScorePP project Work package 2: Case city analysis • Baseline study of the case city, • Identification of PPs to monitor, • Monitoring campaign, • Identification of Emission Control Strategies, • Substance flow analysis, • Evaluation of Emission Control Strategies. PAH? Pesticide? Metals?

4. Source control option for Reducing Priority Pollutants • Role in the ScorePP project • Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives

5. Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Wastewater treatment plant: • Influent, effluent and sludge. • Surface water: • Upstream, downstream of the city and sediments.

6. Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Monitored priority pollutants: • Screening campaign for all 33 priority pollutants. • Global parameters (WWTP): • Chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, Ph… • Seasonal changes: • Wet and dry season, • August 2008, • December 2008, • March 2009.

7. Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Use of different extraction techniques: • Traditional extraction techniques (TET): off site extraction and analysis, • Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE): on site extraction and off site analysis.

8. Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Day long screening campaigns (TET): • Sampling 24 hours, • Wastewater treatment plant, • Surface water. • Week long monitoring campaigns (TET and SBSE): • Sampling 24 hours, • Wastewater treatment plant. • Sampling every 8 hours, • Wastewater treatment plant

9. Source control option for Reducing Priority Pollutants • Role in the ScorePP project • Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives

10. Priority pollutants in an European city: One surface water and one sediments • Surface water (upstream and downstream): • Three pollutants: Naphthalene, diuron and lead. • Sediments: • Light PAH : fluoranthene and anthracene, • Heavy PAH: benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo (g,h,i)perylene indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, • Metals : Mercury, nickel and lead.

11. Priority pollutants in an European city: Four wastewater samples (TET) • Influent stream: Naphtalene, anthracene…(8 compounds), Alachlor, diuron and simazine (3 compounds), DEHP (in all samples), trichloromethane (2 compounds). • Effluent stream Diuron (in 3 samples) (1 compound), DEHP (in all samples) and trichloromethane (2 compounds).

12. Priority pollutants in an European city: Twenty-eight wastewater samples (SBSE) wet event • Influent stream: Naphtalene (in all samples), anthracene…(8 compounds), Diuron (in all samples), isoproturon, chlorpyrifos… (8 compounds), DEHP (in all samples), nonylphenol, nickel, lead…(8 compounds). • Effluent stream: Naphtalene, anthracene…(8 compounds), Lindane, diuron, isoproturon…(7 compounds), DEHP (in all samples) and benzene (2 compounds).

13. Priority pollutants in an European city: Fourteen wastewater samples (SBSE) dry event • Influent stream: Naphtalene (in all samples), anthracene…(8 compounds), Diuron (in all samples), isoproturon, chlorpyrifos … (5 compounds), DEHP (in all samples), benzene …(4 compounds). • Effluent stream: Naphtalene, anthracene…(8 compounds), Chlorpyrifos, diuron, tributyltin…(4 compounds), DEHP (in all samples) and lead (2 compounds).

14. Priority pollutants in an European city: Extraction techniques similarities and differences • Similarities: • Light and heavy PAH quantified, • Similar trends of PPs in wastewater streams. • Priority pollutants quantified using traditional extraction technique found using SBSE. • Differences between extraction techniques: • Cannot quantify metals with SBSE, • Difference in quantification limits, • Problems in recovery especially with poorly soluble priority pollutants, • Improvement to be done for both extraction techniques.

15. Priority pollutants in a European city: Seasonal effects using SBSE • Seasonal differences: • More priority pollutants present during rain events, • Due to water run off on land. • Priority pollutants detected during rain and dry events found at lower concentrations during rain events, • Possible dilution effects, • Seasonal use of compounds (e.g. pesticides). • Seasonal similarities: • Diuron and DEHP present in WWTP’s effluent, • Above the European Environmental Quality Standards surface water (1.3 µg/l for DEHP and 0.20 µg/l for diuron). • PAH ubiquitous, • Several sources within the city.

16. Priority pollutants in an European city: Four sludge samples • PAH (fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, …): • 75% to 100% occurrence in sludge samples. • Metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel) : • 75% to 100% occurrence in sludge samples. • Pesticides (alachlor, pentachlorophenol…): • 25% to 75% occurrence in sludge samples. • DEHP: • 100% occurrence in sludge samples.

17. Priority pollutants in an European city: Four sludge samples • DEHP (29.3 mg/kg dm): • Used in several activities (hospital, construction, domestic...). • PAH found often in sludge: • Partial combustion main source (heating, incineration...). • Metals: • Metal sludge profile similar to literature, • Hg =<Cd < Ni < Pb. • Unexpected presence of priority pollutants: • Pentachlorophenol (found once), • Tributyltin (found 3 times).

18. Source control option for Reducing Priority Pollutants • Role in the ScorePP project • Monitoring campaigns in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city • Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives

19. Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives • The city has an impact on surface water quality: • Differences of concentrations of naphthalene and lead upstream and downstream of the river. • Extraction techniques: • SBSE lower detection limits, • Complementary extraction techniques: • SBSE practical for trace analysis (e.g. WWTP effluent). • Seasonal effects: • Differences in wastewater streams’ composition, • Understand seasonal uses of pollutants (or object containing pollutants).

20. Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives • Presence of banned priority pollutants: • Pentachlorophenol, • Found once (not alarming). • Tributyltin, • Unaccounted uses of the compound. • Priority pollutants of interest for the city (based on concentrations in different media): • Nickel, lead, cadmium, mercury, DEHP, diuron, pentachlorophenol and naphthalene.

21. Priority pollutants in an European case city: Conclusions and perspectives • Substance Flow Analysis (SFA): • Based on results from monitoring campaigns. • DEHP, cadmium, mercury, nickel, lead and naphthalene. • Environmental Control Strategies (ECS): • Based on information collected during substance flow analysis propose ECS to reduce priority pollutants’ release within the city. • DEHP found above EQS in surface water. • Diuron despite regulation.

22. Thank you very much for your attention