1 / 49

What is Biotechnology?

What is Biotechnology?. Biology 600 Biotechnology: Principles and Products Delivered Live and via Videoconference June 1-2, 2005. Phil McClean Department of Plant Science North Dakota State University. The Latest Biotech News. ND GMO Planting Decisions (Winter 2005).

lilika
Download Presentation

What is Biotechnology?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. What is Biotechnology? Biology 600 Biotechnology: Principles and Products Delivered Live and via Videoconference June 1-2, 2005 Phil McClean Department of Plant Science North Dakota State University

  2. The Latest Biotech News ND GMO Planting Decisions (Winter 2005) • New law enacted during 2005 legislative session • Only the ND state government has the authority to ban • plantings of GMO crops • Response to laws passed at county level in other states EU Approving GMO-free Zones (May 2005) • European Union GMO regulations permit regions • to declare themselves GMO • Otherwise approved GMO products can be grown • 162 regions or provinces (=US states) have asked to be • GMO free • 4500 total government units have made the request

  3. What is Biotechnology? How about some definitions General Definition The application of technology to improve a biological organism Detailed Definition The application of the technology to modify the biological function of an organism by adding genes from another organisms

  4. What is the Result of Biotechnology? • An organism showing a novel trait not normally found in the species Extended shelf-life tomato (FlavrSavr Tomato) Herbicide resistant soybean (Roundup Ready Soybean)

  5. Biotechnology Terms You Probably Heard Transgene – the foreign gene added to a species Ex. – modified EPSP synthase gene (encodes a protein that functions even when plant treated with Roundup) Transgenic – an organism containing a transgene introduced by technological (not breeding) methods Ex. – Roundup Ready Crops

  6. Biotechnology Develops GMOs - Genetically modified organisms • GMO - an organism that expresses traits that result • from the introduction of foreign DNA • Also called transgenic organism

  7. Important Terms • Breeding • Beneficial gene added from the same species • Gene delivered by mating within the species Source: USDA • Transformation • Beneficial gene added from another species • Gene delivered by plant genetic engineering Source: USDA

  8. Let’s Be Up Front • Breeding  Biotechnology •  Breeding only exchanges genes found in the species • Breeding can transfer the transgene to other breeding materials • BUT it is not the same as biotechnology • Biotechnology adds traits not available in the species •  Soybean does not have a gene to breakdown Roundup • The gene comes from bacteria

  9. Interspecific Cross Wheat Rye X Triticale New species, but NOT biotechnology products

  10. Mutagenesis: New Trait, No Foreign Gene • Mutagenesis changes the sequence of a gene • New, useful traits can be obtained Mutagenesis Treatment Susceptible Normal Gene ATTCGA Resistant Mutant Gene ATTGGA

  11. BASF Clearfield Products Mutagenesis Crops • Herbicide resistance • imidazolinones • Mutant AHAS enzyme • developed by mutagenesis • Crops • Canola, Corn, Rice, Sunflower, Wheat • In US • Not considered GMOs by USDA regulators • A Major marketing advantage • When some stacked with GMOs, the advantage lost

  12. The Crop Biotech Market Is Dominated By Five Countriesa 6.7%/13 ma (6.0%/10 ma) 58.8%/118 ma (63%/106 ma) 4.6%/9 ma (3%/7 ma) 6.2%/12 ma (3%/7 ma) 20.0%/40 ma (21%/36 ma) Top Five Countries = 96% of market 20 % increase in biotech acreage from 2003 a2004 growing season data. http://www.isaaa.org/Press_release/Briefs30-2003/press/b30_english.htm 2003 in parentheses.

  13. Crop Biotechnology Grew Worldwide In 2004 • 200 million acres (20% growth) • 8.3 million farmers (18% growth) • 17 mega-producing countries (>120,000 acres) • Up from 16 countries in 2003 • US, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, China, Paraguay, India • South Africa, Uruguay, Australia, Romania, Mexico, • Spain, Philippines, Colombia, Honduras, Germany • Germany new in 2004 Historically, biotechnology is the most rapidly adopted new agricultural technology

  14. Biotechnology Crops: Worldwide Acreage 2004 Soybean: 120.0 million acres (17% annual growth) Corn: 30.6 million acres (25% annual growth) Canola: 16.8 million acres (12 % annual growth)

  15. Economic Effect of Bt Cotton In China • $200/acre increase in income • $750 million increase nationally

  16. Benefits to Hungarian Farmers From: Demont et al. 2005. Potential impact of biotechnology in eastern Europe: transgenic maize, sugar beet, and oilseed rape in Hungary.

  17. Transgenic Crops Increasing In the USa a Source: NASS Planting Reports, 2001, 2002. b2002 US acreage = 73 million; ND acreage = 2.6 million c2002 US acreage = 79 million; ND acreage = 1.2 million d2002 US acreage = 1.6 million; ND acreage = 1.3 million

  18. % 2003 % 2004 Ha 2004 Soybean 86 56 55 Cotton 32 28 21 Canola 23 19 16 Maize 140 14 11 Impact of Transgenics on Major Crop Production Transgenic versions of the big four crops are grown on 30% of their acreage

  19. Impact of Transgenics on Worldwide Crop Production Transgenic crops are grown on 5% of the 3.7 billion acres of cultivated land in the world

  20. Roundup Ready Soybean No Yield Drag or (Advantage) North Dakota 2002 Data aData collected by Dr. Ted Helms, NDSU b# of varieties in trial in parenthesis

  21. Roundup Ready Soybean Reduces Expensesa aData provided by Dr. Duane Burgland, NDSU.

  22. Biotech Crops Can Be Environmentally (and Yield) Friendly Table 1. Cotton yield and insecticide results from a large (157 sites) trial in India during 2001. *Means within a row are significantly different at the 5% level From: Science (2003) 299:900

  23. Agriculture Products On the Market Insect resistant cotton • Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm • toxin gene from a bacteria Source: USDA Insect resistant corn • Bt toxin kills the European corn borer • toxin gene from a bacteria • Rootworm GM approved (2/26/03) Normal Transgenic

  24. Herbicide resistant crops • current: soybean, corn, canola • coming: sugarbeet, lettuce, strawberry, alfalfa, potato, wheat (on hold) • resistance gene from bacteria Source: Monsanto Virus resistance • papaya, squash, potato • resistance gene from a virus

  25. Bacterial and Animal Biotechnology Products Biotech chymosin • enzyme used to curdle milk products • gene from yeast • harvested from GE bacteria • replaces the calf enzyme Source: Chr. Hansen bST (bovine somatotropin) • increases milk production • gene from cow • protein harvested from GE bacteria • replaces cow protein originally • harvested from pituitary glands • of slaughtered cows Source: Rent Mother Nature

  26. Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products Golden Rice • Increased Vitamin A content • Transgenes from bacteria and daffidol • Controversory: large amount needed to • solve problem Sunflower • White mold resistance • Resistance gene from wheat Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society

  27. Turfgrass • Herbicide resistance • Slower growing • reduced mowing = reduced pollution Bio Steel • Spider silk strongest known protein • Protein expressed in goat milk • Protein used to make soft-body, • bullet proof vests (Nexia)

  28. Field Testing Permits Tell Us What is Coming Field Trial Data: Jan 2001 – Today (n=2540) 2001-03 data; collated from: Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  29. Where Are the GM Crops Tested in the US? ND #23 230 (3) IA #4 1,022 (12) CA #5 990 (12) IL #2 1,292 (16) PR #3 1,063 (13) HA #1 1,437 (17) Data: 1993-present: State rank, # trials, % total trials Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  30. Corn is the Current Main Focus 2001-03 data; collated from: Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  31. The Traditional Traits Predominant 2001-03 data; collated from: Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  32. But Some Novel Traits Are Being Tested 2001-03 data; collated from: Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  33. What’s Coming for Wheat?? 2001-03 data; collated from: Information Systems for Biotechnology (http://www.isb.vt.edu/)

  34. Some Ag Biotech Products Are Discontinued Why??? • Poor Quality • FlavrSavr tomatoes (Calgene) • Negative Consumer Response • Tomato paste (Zeneca) • Negative Corporate Response • NewLeaf (Monsanto) • Universal Negative Publicity • StarLink corn (Aventis)

  35. Environmental Applications Indicator bacteria • contamination is detected in the environment • microbes sensitive to certain pollutants Bioremediation • cleanup contaminated sites • uses microbes designed to degrade • the pollutant

  36. Land Mine Detection Without this effort, that is dangerous to our military, children aremaimed.

  37. Land Mine Detection • How biotechnology helps • Patented transgene added to plants • When metal from mine is detected • Plant turns from green to red • Technology developed by Aresa Biodetection Mine detected

  38. Biotechnology and Health

  39. What is Biopharming? Biopharming Definition Growing transgenic crops that express pharmaceutical products Examples: Drugs Antibodies Proteins

  40. Why use this technology? Familiar Production Systems • Genes introduced into field crops (mostly corn) • New productions systems not needed • Producer can use traditional growing strategies Reduced End-Product Cost • Animal system: $1000 - $5000 per gram protein • Plant System: $1 - $10 per gram protein • Source: The Roanoke Times, 2000

  41. Edible Vaccines – A Biopharming Dream Biotech Plants Serving Human Health Needs • A pathogen protein gene is cloned • Gene is inserted into the DNA of plant (potato, banana, tomato) • Humans eat the plant • The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein • Human are “immunized” against the pathogen • Examples: • Diarrhea • Hepatitis B • Measles

  42. Future Health-related Biotech Products Vaccines • Herpes • hepatitis C • AIDS • malaria Tooth decay • Streptococcus mutans, the mouth bacteria • releases lactic acid that destroys enamel • engineered Streptococcus mutans • does not release lactic acid • destroys the tooth decay strain

  43. Nutritional Genomics (Nutrigenomics: a coming Biotechnology innovation) • Concepts of Nutrigenomics • Certain diets can cause severe health risks in individuals • Refined sugars, dairy products, fatty foods • Certain diets enhance disease susceptibility in individual’s • with a specific genetic makeup • Diabetes, lactose intolerance, high cholesterol • Diets based on an individuals genetic makeup are preferred • No refined sugars, minimal dairy products • or fatty foods

  44. Nutritional Genomics (Nutrigenomics) • Goal of Nurtigenomics • Identify specific genetic makeups • What combination of genes places a person at risk? • Develop dietary recommendations • What diets are best suited for certain at-risk individuals?

  45. Top Biotechnologies In The Future • Molecular Diagnostics • Treatments exist, but diagnositic tools are lacking • Expensive, hard to implement • Cost effective diagnostic procedures needed • Recombinant Vaccines • Vaccines have effectively eradicated small pox, polio, etc • Other diseases need to be addressed • More effective and low-cost vaccines are needed • Genetic engineering can solve these problems

  46. Top Biotechnologies In The Future • Vaccine and drug delivery • Vaccine injections can cause serious infection • New delivery forms, such as slow release drugs, are needed • Bioremediation • Water, air, and soil pollution is a problem • Plants can breakdown much of these pollutants • Plants that are safe to the environment and reduce pollutants • are needed

  47. Top Biotechnologies In The Future • Nutritionally Enriched Crops • Malnutrition is widespread • Malnutrition is associated with many diseases • Modification of staple crops necessary • to solve the problem • Female Controlled Protection Against STDs • Incidence of sexually-transmitted disease is high • Women are most affected • Vaginal microbicides needed • Topical application best solution

  48. The Question for the Future: Should We Live A Biotech Free Lifestyle?? • Answers depends upon your perspective on the value • of the technology • What will support your opinion? • Economics • Safety of products • Needs of human

More Related