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Struggles for New World Domination. Spain, France, the Dutch, and England: 1540-1680. Introduction. As Spain consolidates its empire in the New World, other European powers enter the stage of competition for territory in the New World These will include France, the Dutch, and the English
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Struggles for New World Domination Spain, France, the Dutch, and England: 1540-1680
Introduction • As Spain consolidates its empire in the New World, other European powers enter the stage of competition for territory in the New World • These will include France, the Dutch, and the English • In many of this instances, the antagonisms of the Old World will be transferred to the New World • Still, out that crucible will be created new opportunities and cultures that will establish themselves in the New World • And thus the process of creating “America” begins
Governing Spain’s Empire • The Spanish Empire was officially the private property of the King • Rule by Viceroys • The conquistadores • The encomienda system
Governing Spain’s Empire • Whether the Spanish conquests was praised or scorned, it dramatically changed the lives of native populations • Creation of mixed mestizo (Indian-European) and mulatto (African-European) populations • Religious objectives and policies also had unintended results in the Spanish empire • Creation of a creole, or mixed Spanish and Indian culture, with Spanish customs
Governing Spain’s Empire:New Mexico • The establishment of New Mexico and missionary activity • Juan de Oñate • First Governor of New Mexico • Goal • Recall • Spanish relations with the Pueblos • Popé rebellion • However, not all the Pueblos held the Spanish in contempt • Only with the coming of the 18th century was there a peaceful mixing of Pueblo and Catholic cultures
The French in the New World • By the middle of the 16th century, France joined the fray of establishing colonies in the New World • However, these new colonies would remain far more sparsely settled than Spain’s – Why? • The first French settlement was established by the Huguenot Jean Ribault at Parris Island - Failed • Two years later, another French expedition established a settlement on the St. Johns River, near present day Jacksonville
The French in the New World • The French were more successful in the north along the coastlines of Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia • Here fishermen and trappers established a tenuous presence • Help to Giovanni da Verrazzano • During Jacques Cartier’s three voyages between 1534 and 1543 along the St. Lawrence River, he was accompanied by fishermen as well
The French in the New World • If anything can define the French presence in North America, it is the fur trade • Canada’s Micmac and Montagnais Indians were enthusiastic about trading their furs for European ironwares, cloth and glass trinkets • This was especially the case after Cartier’s first trading post was established in 1541
The French in the New World • By the late 1500’s, the French government sponsored a more aggressive exploration of Canada • In 1604, Samuel de Champlain began a series of eleven voyages to Canada • Goal was to create a religious haven for Catholics and Huguenots suffering in France
The French in the New World • No more than 2,000 French settlers come to New France before 1663 • Thereafter, the French government takes direct control over New France and establishes a military-style leadership in the major cities of Montreal, Quebec and Three Rivers • Meanwhile, intrepid souls will migrate down the Mississippi River • Name new settlements after renowned trappers such as Louis Jolliet and the missionary Jacques Marquette • They also transplant wheat-based economies to the fertile valleys near the former site of Cahokia
The French in the New World: Sieur de La Salle • La Salle’s main goal is to seek the elusive northwest passage to the Pacific • In 1682, La Salle will claim for France nearly all of the interior of North America • Calls it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV • Later expeditions and death • Although it had a promising beginning, Louisiana becomes little more than a dumping ground for criminals and desperately poor Frenchmen • Very few Frenchmen settle there, instead heading for the warm and prosperous Caribbean islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Dominique
The Dutch Colonies • North America had never been a major target of conquest and colonization for the Netherlands • However, this did not mean that Dutch trappers and fishermen competed with the French to find a passage through the continent to find the East Indies • 1609 – Voyages of Henry Hudson
The Dutch Colonies • Foundation of Fort Nassau near present-day Albany (1614) • Founding of Dutch West India Company, 1621, to finance ventures to settle the new areas • The Company also authorizes Pierre Minuit to purchase the island of Manhattan from Native Americans in 1626 • Minuit assumes leadership of the struggling settlement and recruits Protestant families to the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan
The Dutch Colonies:New Netherlands: Problems • However, the fledgling colony of New Netherlands gets off to a slow start • Problems with colonists • Problems settling the Land • Patronen • Bouweries • Conflict with the Indians • Land grabs • Conflict between the Dutch/Iroquois and French/Huron over fur trade
The Dutch Colonies:New Sweden • Formation of New Sweden • Led by Minuit • Launched in 1638 with four hundred Swedish Protestants • Settle near the site of Fort Christina • Pieter Stuyvesant leads expedition against New Sweden and the small colony accepts leadership from New Amsterdam • But, the peace in New Amsterdam will not be kept for very long
Early English Exploration • First expedition launched in 1497 • Voyages of John Cabot and discovery of “newe founde lande” • But for the next century English leaders do little to advance Cabot’s slim inroads in the New World
Early English Exploration:Reasons • In the mid-16th century that changes – Why? • Population pressure in England • London’s population increases from 55,000 in 1550 to 200,000 in 1600 • The demands of such a large population overtaxes the resources of the city and officials wish to rid themselves of these unwanted • Economic difficulties – merchants and manufacturers need markets abroad
Early English Exploration:Reasons • But the real impetus for the renewed efforts for exploration was political • Queen Elizabeth’s rivalry with foreign powers, especially Spain • The Sea Dogs
Early English Exploration:First Attempts • In 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert convinces Elizabeth to grant him a charter to take settles to the lands claimed by Cabot • Five years later, Gilbert takes three shiploads of settles to Newfoundland, but most of them will return home • During his third voyage out to stock the new settlements, Gilbert and his ship are lost at sea
Early English Exploration:First Attempts • With Gilbert’s loss, his half-brother, Sir Walter Ralegh assumes the rights of the royal charter to explore North America • In late 1584, Ralegh's first commissioned ship sails past the West Indies and to the Outer Banks of North Carolina to Roanoke Island
Early English Exploration:Roanoke Island • The new settlement survives the winter, but situated within a dense area of Indian settlements, their presence causes suspicions among the Indians • Conflict between the English and the Indians • Ralegh does not give up on settling Roanoke and arrives with a fourth group of settlers in 1587
Early English Exploration:Roanoke Island • However, Roanoke’s collective fate was tied to events back in England in 1588 and success at Roanoke would elude this group as well • John White, returning to England for supplies, was detained as his ship was needed – Why? • The Spanish Armada
Early English Exploration:Roanoke Island – The Lost Colony • When John White returns to Roanoke in 1590, he finds a “Lost Colony” • Believed fate of the colony • Whatever their fate, there was only one trace of the former colony - “Croatoan” • And so ended the early attempts by the English to settle the New World
Conclusion • We have seen the process of exploration and colonization through eyes other than Spanish • Although their entry came late in the New World, over the next decade France, the Dutch and the English will dominate the colonization of North America • Of these three, it will be the English, with their greater naval power and increasing economic strength, that will overcome its neighbors and become the primary colonial power in North America