Introduction

1. Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to Canada. You will learn all about the region’s geography, history, and culture. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Section 2: History of Canada Section 3: Canada Today

2. myStory Alyssa’s Story Why is Alyssa going to spend time in Iqaluit? Which three groups make up Canada’s aboriginal population?

3. myStory Alyssa’s Story How has being Inuit shaped Alyssa’s life?

4. myStory Alyssa’s Story Which Inuit traditions does Alyssa share with children as part of her job?

5. myStory Alyssa’s Story What traditional foods does Alyssa share with her co-workers?

6. Chapter Atlas Is conflict unavoidable?

7. Chapter Atlas Describe your region, including climate, location, physical features, and natural resources:

8. Chapter Atlas Academic Vocabulary • fertile - adj.well suited for growing plants • Because of the fertile soil, farmers had a plentiful harvest. • varied - adj. diverse, showing variety • The population of Canada is extremely varied.

9. Chapter Atlas Key Ideas There are several landform regions in Canada which affect how people live. • Canada has impressive reserves of timber, minerals, and fresh water, and many of its industries are based on these resources.

10. Chapter Atlas Key Ideas In economic development that has paralleled the United States, most of the Canadian population now lives in cities.

11. Chapter Atlas Key Terms • precipitation - water that falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail • tundra - area with limited vegetation, such as moss and shrubs

12. Chapter Atlas Key Terms • permafrost - permanently frozen soil • mixing zone - an area where warm and cool water combine and stir nutrients from the ocean floor; fish feed on these nutrients

13. Chapter Atlas What are some important places to know in Canada? • Canadian Cordillera • Canadian Shield • Arctic Archipelago • St. Lawrence River Valley

14. Chapter Atlas Canada: Outline Map

15. Chapter Atlas What landforms in the United States are also found in Canada?

16. Chapter Atlas Canada: Physical Features Canada is the second largest country in the world in total land area. The Canadian Shield, a massive rocky area dotted with thousands of lakes, extends from Hudson Bay to the Canadian Cordillera.

17. Chapter Atlas Canada: Physical Features The St. Lawrence River Valley is the most populated region in Canada. The St. Lawrence River Valley, the Atlantic coast, and the Southwest coast of Canada all have moderate climates.

18. Chapter Atlas Canada: Climate The interior plains of Canada have extreme weather. The areas closest to the United States have hot summers and cold winters.

19. Chapter Atlas Canada: Land and Natural Resources The Canadian Shield produces many important minerals that are used throughout the world. The St. Lawrence River and Seaway connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Fishing, forestry, agriculture, and tourism are all important parts of Canada’s economy.

20. Chapter Atlas What are some natural resources in Canada that can also be found in the United States?

21. Chapter Atlas What are some environmental problems facing Canada?

22. Chapter Atlas Is conflict unavoidable?

23. History In your community, what are some different cultural traditions?

24. History Academic Vocabulary • dominate - v.to control, to manage all aspectsSuperior weapons enabled Europeans to dominate native peoples. • prospered - v. was successful By investing wisely the company prospered.

25. History Key Ideas Canada’s natural resources have played a key role in the country’s development. The distinct French and English populations promoted biculturalism early in Canada’s history.

26. History Key Ideas Canada’s historical ties to the United Kingdom outline a unique transition from interdependence to independence.

27. History Key Terms • compromise - establishing common ideas that people agree to follow • First Nations - native groups who lived south of the arctic region in Canada • New France - French colony in what is now eastern Canada

28. History Key Terms • province - territory that is under control of a larger country • dominion - territory that governs itself but is still tied to its original country

29. History Native Canadian Groups There were many different Native groups in Canada: • Algonquin • Iroquois • Inuit

30. History Contact With Europeans Europeans arrived in the 1400s. They eventually set up trading agreements with Natives. Europeans traded wool cloth and metal goods for Native American furs.

31. History Cause and Effect: What was the impact of the fur trade? • Competition for land between France and England • Increased contact with Europeans, which led to new diseases being introduced to the Native population

32. History European Settlement France was the first European nation to claim land in Canada. England arrived and claimed land north of New France. Conflict over the fur trade led to the Seven Years War between France and England.

33. History Cause and Effect • What was the result of the Seven Years War? • What European nation ruled Canada after the war?

34. History The Dominion of Canada In the 1800s, Britain passed an act that made Canada a dominion. The dominion governed itself, but was still tied to Britain.

35. History Immigration In the early 1900s, immigrants arrived from Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. From 1901 to 1911, Canada’s population grew by 32 percent.

36. History An Independent Nation Canada fought in World War I alongside Britain. Canada proved it could be an independent nation, and in 1931 Britain granted its independence.

37. History First Great Challenge How did Canada get out of the Great Depression?

38. Today What types of food have you eaten from different cultures?

39. Today How do historical ties to Britain influence life in Canada today?

40. Today Academic Vocabulary • parliamentary - adj.referring to the lawmaking branch of the Canadian government Canada has a parliamentary system similar to that of Great Britain. • project - v. to predict Economists project a rise in the cost of living.

41. Today Key Ideas Canada’s federal government reflects historical ties to Britain. Canada has a modern economy and is an active trade partner with many countries. Cultural diversity in Canada is unique, as groups maintain much of their traditions • while being Canadian citizens.

42. Today Key Terms • cultural mosaic - place where people from different areas retain their cultural identity • constitutional monarchy - system of government in which the laws in the constitution limit the monarch's or emperor's powers

43. Today Key Terms • plural society - society in which distinctive cultural, ethnic, and racial groups are encouraged to maintain their own identities and cultures

44. Today Historical Ties to Britain Canada has had a long and enduring relationship with Great Britain. • The British Queen, Elizabeth II, is the Canadian head of state • In 1982, Canada created its own constitution to address issues unique to the country

45. Today Compare and Contrast: How did Canada and the United States separate from Great Britain?

46. Today Canada: Politics Canada’s executive branch is made up of the governor general, the prime minister, and the cabinet. The government of Canada tries to balance the needs of both French and English-speaking Canadians.

47. Today Canada’s Role in the World Canada has a strong economy and a well-educated workforce. Canadians have a high quality of life, and there is national healthcare for every citizen. Canada exports many natural resources throughout the world.

48. Today Canada as a Peacekeeper Canada is known throughout the world as a peacekeeping nation. • Canada plays a large role in the peacekeeping missions of the United Nations • They work to stop wars and protect freedoms

49. Today The Cultural Mosaic Canada is a diverse nation with many different ethnic groups. Canadians are encouraged to maintain their own identities and cultures. Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver are Canada’s most diverse cities.

50. Today Maintaining a Canadian Identity Immigrants account for 70 percent of the Canadian workforce. American movies, television programs, and music easily flow into Canada and dominate its media. Carrying on a unique Canadian culture is important for the country.