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Atoms, Ions, & Isotopes Oh, My! Part III

Atoms, Ions, & Isotopes Oh, My! Part III. Outer Structure of an Atom. The electron cloud contains several energy levels Electrons - negatively (-) charged particles located in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus. Outer Structure of an Atom. Maximum of 2 electrons.

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Atoms, Ions, & Isotopes Oh, My! Part III

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  1. Atoms, Ions, & Isotopes Oh, My! Part III

  2. Outer Structure of an Atom • The electron cloud contains severalenergy levels • Electrons -negatively (-) charged particles located in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus

  3. Outer Structure of an Atom Maximum of 2 electrons Maximum of 8 electrons Nucleus Maximum of 8 electrons* *Applies to the first 18 elements only • Multiple energy levels in the electron cloud completely surround the nucleus. • Electrons follow a specific order to fill the energy levels.

  4. Valence Electrons Electrons found on the last/outermost energy level The number of valence electrons determines reactivity of the atom Full outer shell-Nonreactive As you get closer to a full shell the less reactive an atoms is Atoms can achieve a full shell by losing or gaining electrons

  5. This is the order the electrons fill up the energy levels/shells/orbitals. You do not go to the next energy level until the one you are on is full.

  6. Charge of an Atom Most atoms are NEUTRAL (no charge) The number of Protons = number of Electrons If an atom loses or gains electrons then it will have a charge #p > #e; positive charge #p < #e; negative charge The valence electrons are the electrons being lost or gained.

  7. Cation Positively charged ions #p > #e Lost of electron(s) Ions An atom that has gained or lost electrons In the example, sodium is a neutral atom when it has 11 protons and 11 electrons. When it loses its one valence electron, it has 11 protons and 10 electrons, which makes it have a +1 charge.

  8. Anion • Negatively charged ions • #p < #e • Gain electron(s) In the example, chlorine is a neutral atom when it has 17 protons and 17 electrons. When it gains one electron, it has 17 protons and 18 electrons, which makes it have a -1 charge.

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