World War I

1. World War I Mrs. O’Shea United States History CHSAS Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – Arlington Cemetery

2. Overview • Causes of WWI • U.S. involvement in the war • Effects of the war on the United States (home front) • Peace efforts after war

3. Nationalism Causes

4. Nationalism Intense pride in nation Problem = Countries act on their own best interest

5. Nationalism Imperialism Causes

6. Imperialism Scramble for colonies Problem = competition leads to conflict

7. Nationalism Imperialism Causes Militarism

8. Militarism Countries in Europe were spending large amounts of money on building up their armed forces. Problem: Constantly planning war made war more inevitable.

9. Nationalism Imperialism Causes Militarism System of Alliances

10. System of Alliances Countries created protective relationships with other countries Problem: If conflict occurs between two countries, other countries are bound by their relationships into the conflict. I got your back Russia!

12. Nationalism Imperialism Causes Militarism System of Alliances

13. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • June 28, 1914 • Heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire • Shot by Bosnian nationalist

14. Spark of War • Austria's declaration of war against Serbia on July 28, 1914 • Russia announces it mobilization for war. • Germany declares war on Russia – August 1, 1914 • Germany declares war on France – August 3, 1914 • Great Britain declares war on Germany – August 4, 1914 http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/

15. Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Allies Serbia Russia France Great Britain BIG PLAYERS

16. 1914 – Wilson declares neutrality (protect investments)

17. New Technology in Warfare • Machine guns = 600 rounds per minute • Rapid fire artillery • Poison gas • Airplanes and Airships (Zeppelins) • Tanks • U-boats

18. Trench Warfare The Allies and Central Powers dug nearly 6,2500 miles of trenches by the end of 1914. Lice Trench foot Rats Dysentery Trench fever http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch1_trench.html

20. Ships lost to submarines

21. Battle of Somme • Example of deadlock and carnage of WWI trench warfare • British sustained nearly 60,000 casualties (20,000 dead) on the first day of the attack. Casualties British = 420,000 French = 200,000 Germans = 500,000 • Allies gained about one mile in the advance.

22. Warm-up Just before World War I, about one third of all Americans were first or second generation immigrants. When the war broke out in Europe, many of these Americans citizens still felt very close to their “old countries.” Which ethnic groups in the United States might have favored the nations of the Central Powers? Why? Which ethnic groups might have favored the Allies? Why?

23. U.S. Involvement in WWI • Opposition to autocratic Kaiser Wilhelm • Most immigrants favored Allies • Propaganda fueled by Britain (got our news only from them)

24. Sinking of passenger ships by U-boats (Lusitania, Sussex, City of Memphis, Illinois, Vigilancia) • Zimmerman Note – if Mexico declares war on U.S., Germany would give them land after war • Russian Revolution – Czar is overthrown

25. 1917 – Wilson declares War “make the world safe for democracy”

26. Review for Quiz Four Causes of WWI Spark that started the war Central Powers vs. Allied Powers New Weapons What does it mean to be neutral? Six Reasons that U.S. entered the war What side did we enter the war on? Who was our President? How did he justify going to war? What was his goal?

27. Mobilizing Troops • Sent 14,500 men and $$$ immediately • Selective Service Act – all men between 21-30 must register 24 million registered 3 million drafted • Trained and transported by convoy (thwarted u-boats)

28. Homefront • Liberty Bonds - $20 million • Factories – commercial goods -> war goods • Lever Food and Fuel Control Act – Herbert Hoover controlled food pricing/rationing, daylight savings time • Fear of German-Americans • Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to discuss anything disloyal about the U.S. government, army, navy

29. Propaganda Posters For each poster, answer the following questions. • What is the purpose of this poster? • What type of person is this poster directed towards? • Describe the use of art – characters, color (use your imagination), lettering, backgrounds.

36. End of War • Bolshevik Revolution – Russians signed truce with Germany • Germany refocused attention on western front – gave one more big push • Germany overwhelmed by U.S. Signed armistice (cease-fire) – November 1918

37. 8 million soldiers/sailors died (est.) = average of about 5,000 a day 22 million dead U.S. losses 48,000 battle deaths 2,900 missing in action 56,000 disease related deaths

38. How do you make peace last? Big Four – Paris Peace Conference (France, Britain, Italy, Great Britain) George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, Orlando of Italy Central Powers pay reparations Divide up Germany’s colonies Wilson of U.S. End of tangling alliances Removal of trade barriers Reduction of military forces Self-determination League of Nations ?

39. Versailles Treaty • League of Nations • 9 new nations created from Germany • Middle East divided up • $33 million in war reparations for Germany • Makes Germany admit responsibility

40. Effects of War on U.S. • U.S. emerged as a leading industrial power • More migration north by African Americans (Great Migration) • Intensified anti-immigrant sentiments • Brought women into workplace – 1920 = 19th Amendment