War & Expansion in United States

1. War & Expansion in United States Ch.10 Sec. 3

2. U.S. Expansion • 1803- Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana purchase from France • 1819- Spain gave up Florida to U.S. • 1846- U.S. gained part of Oregon Territory through treaty with GB • Nation now extended from Atlantic to the Pacific

3. U.S. Expansion

4. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny- U.S. had the right and the duty to rule N. America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • Used to justify removing Native Americans from their lands

5. Indian Removal Act • Allowed federal government to force Indians living east of the Mississippi River move west • 5 civilized tribes: Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, & Seminole • Cherokees challenged decision but courts would not hear their case • Trail of Tears • Journey to OK----800 miles • About ¼ of the Cherokees died on the trail • Land was not as good as their native lands in the east

6. Andrew Jackson President that signed the removal act

7. Texas Annexation • Mexico gained independence from Spain 1821 • Mexican gov. gave American settlers permission to move into Texas (Mexican territory) • Did not like Mexican rule • TX revolted in 1836 & won its independence • Annexed into U.S. in 1845 • Outraged Mexico (still claimed Texas) • Mexican/American War • U.S. defeats Mexico after 2 years of fighting • Mexico gave U.S. large amount of land • CA, NM, AZ, NV, CO, UT

8. Causes of Civil War • Westward Expansion • Questions about what laws and customs (SLAVERY) should be followed in the new western territories were raised • People in the North & South lived completely different lives • Both North & South wanted to extend their way of life into the new western territories

9. Causes of Civil War 2. Economics • North • Diverse economy with both agriculture and industry • Depended on free workers • South • Based around agriculture with few cash crops (cotton) • Relied on slave labor

10. Causes of Civil War 3. Slavery • North • felt that slavery was morally wrong • Wanted to outlaw it in all of the new western territories • South • Believed slavery was necessary for their economy • Wanted laws to protect slavery in the west so that they could continue to raise cotton on the new fertile soil

12. Causes of Civil War 4. Debate over rights • Both sides debated about the rights of individual states vs. the federal government • South • Politicians argued that their states had freely joined the union, so they should be allowed to freely leave • North • Felt that the Constitution established the Union once and for all

13. Nation Divides • Election of Abraham Lincoln- 1860 • Conflict reaches its height • Lincoln had promised to stop the SPREAD of slavery during his campaign • Southern Secession • One by one, southern states started to secede (withdraw) from the Union • SC- 1st state (1860) • 11 states total would secede • Southern States formed the Confederate States of America • President Jefferson Davis • SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AR, NC, TN

14. Abraham Lincoln US President Jefferson Davis Confederate States President

15. Nation Divided

16. War Breaks Out • Ft. Sumter, SC- 1861 • Confederate forces fire upon a federal fort • Lincoln ordered the federal army to bring the seceded states back into the Union • Civil War had begun

17. Advantages North South Superior military leadership Majority of war fought on their land • Industry • Better transportation • Railroads • More natural resources • Rivers, lakes, forests, etc. • More factories • Larger population

18. Fugitive Slave Law What it Meant Any slave that escaped to the North could be taken back by their master No trials Anyone helping slaves escaped were jailed for 6 months and fined $1,000

19. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD • Escape from slavery was dangerous and meant traveling on foot at night • As time went on, African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slaves • ”Conductors” would hide runaways in tunnels and even kitchen cupboards

21. Harriet Tubman • One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman • Tubman escaped slavery and vowed to help others do the same • She made 19 trips back to South and freed over 300 slaves (Including her own parents)

22. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN • In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The book stressed the moral evil of slavery • Abolitionist protests increased

23. Lincoln’s War Strategy • Ordered blockade for all southern ports (Anaconda Plan) • Didn’t have the Navy to be immediately effective • Authorized military spending before Congress approved it (unconstitutional) • Arrested Southern supporters and held them w/out trial (unconstitutional) • Seize Confederate capital in Richmond, VA. • Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • Northerners came to picnic expecting immediate victory • Union defeated • Gen. George B. McClellen chosen as commander • Good organizer/Ineffective leader

24. Battle of Antietam • Sept. 17, 1862 • Sharpsburg, Maryland • Robert E. Lee (Confederate) vs. George McClellan (Union) • Bloodiest day of the war • 26,000 men killed- Thousands more injured or died of infection • Confederates retreated, McClellan did not pursue them • Lincoln fires McClellan as commander

25. Emancipation Proclamation • Emancipation Proclamation • Made all slaves in seceded states were free as of Jan. 1, 1863 • Did NOT end slavery!!! • Used as a weapon for war • Other nations stopped sending supplies to aid the confederacy • Changed motivations for war • Restore Union • Freed emancipated slaves

26. Lincoln’s Quotes “A House Divided Against itself cannot stand”

27. Battle of Gettysburg • Lincoln under extreme criticism due to war (losses/strategy) • Gettysburg, VA • July 2nd-4th 1863 • Battled for 3 days & nights • Generalship, strategy, & communication allowed union to win Battle of Gettysburg • More lives lost in this battle than in any American conflict to this date • Approx. 50,000 killed- thousands more missing, injured, or died from disease • Turning point for the Union • Worst mistake of the war for Lee • Devastating loss for the south • Never invaded the North again

28. Exit Slip Question25 Points • Pg. 325 Geography Skillbuilder #1 • Pg. 326 Geography Skillbuilder(#’s 1-2) • Pg. 327 (3,4,7)

29. Gettysburg Address DBQ’s • Who wrote the Gettysburg Address? • What proposition (idea) did Lincoln say that our fathers had dedicated this nation to? • Why is Lincoln giving this speech? • What promise does Lincoln make to the people in attendance o hear his Gettysburg Address?

30. War Ends • Union army executed blockade of Vicksburg, Miss.- Confederate capital • Surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse • April 9, 1865 • General Lee formally surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant • Northern victory confirmed

31. Lincoln’s Assassination • John Wilkes Booth • Southern sympathizer • Actor • Simultaneous assassination of Lincoln & VP-Andrew Johnson • Thought assassination would rally South into war again • Fords Theatre- Washington D.C • April 14 • Lincoln shot in back of the head • Died in a motel nearby • Manhunt • Booth & a conspirator were caught on April 26th • Conspirator surrendered & hung • Booth burned alive in a barn

32. Reconstruction • Union troops occupying the south • Protect & rebuild southern infrastructure • Segregation • Separation of blacks and whites in the south • After federal troops left • African Americans faced discrimination in both North and South

33. Post War Economy • Immigration • 1870s more than 2000 per day • 1914- 20 million immigrants from Europe/Asia • Railroads • 1862- Transcontinental railroad • 7 years • Linked CA to eastern U.S.