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s/ePHENIX forward upgrade

The PHENIX collaboration actively pursues a forward upgrade to support pp, pA, ep, and eA collisions. This upgrade benefits hadron collisions starting ~2019 and supports the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) physics overview, including helicity structure function, SIDIS Sivers Asymmetries, and DVCS EIC coverage. The upgrade also explores quark and gluon distributions in the nucleon, QCD in nuclei, and nuclear modification of parton distributions.

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s/ePHENIX forward upgrade

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  1. s/ePHENIX forward upgrade Jin Huang (LANL) for the PHENIX collaboration

  2. h g* e’ q e Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • PHENIX collaboration actively pursue forward upgrade • Wide spectrum of forward physics considered • A upgrade path that supports pp, pA, ep, eA collisions • Assuming EIC start at 2025; • On the path, hadron collisions benefit from upgrade starting ~2019

  3. h g* e’ q e EIC (Stage I) physics overview • Helicity structure function • SIDIS Sivers Asymmetries • DVCS EIC coverage/ world data comparison: Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Distribution of quarks and gluons and their spins in space and momentum inside the nucleon • Nucleon helicity structure • Parton transverse motion in the nucleon • Spatial distribution of partons and parton orbital angular momentum • QCD in nuclei • Nuclear modification of parton distributions • Gluon saturation • Propagation/Hadronization in nuclear matter • Outlined in EIC white paper, arXiv:1212.1701 • LOI charged to both PHENIX and STAR

  4. lepton lepton proton μ- μ+ pion proton p-p forward spin physics I - DY AN Semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS) Drell-Yan One-year running projection proton Courtesy to M. Burkardt Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • DY SSA (AN) gives access to, among others, quark Sivers effect (f1T⊥) in proton • f1T⊥ expected to reverse in sign from SIDIS to DY measurement, an important test for gauge-link understanding of TMD • Testing the size of TMD evolutions • Probing orbital motion of partons • Require forward di-lepton detection

  5. p-p forward spin physics IIJet Asymmetries • Separating origin of AN with Jet measurements Jet/photon left-right asymmetry Probes Sivers effect: parton level correlation between spin and transverse momentum Detector: require good jet reconstruction Left-right asymmetry of identified hadron inside jets Collins fragmentation: transverse quark spin → kT of hadron Probes: quark transversity and tensor charge Detector: + PID inside the jet Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  6. Forward physics in p-A collisions Kang, Yuan PRD84 (2011) 034019 Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Forward observables allows probe low-x region in nuclei • Hadron transverse spin asymmetry • Link between TMD and CGC framework, relates transverse single spin asymmetry to saturation scale • Allowed by unique capability of RHIC to collide polarized proton with ions and protons • Di-Jet measurement • Probe both flavors of distribution for gluon at low-x limits, G(1) & G(2)

  7. Forward physics in heavy ion collisions Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> With detection capability beyond Bjorken plateau: Correlation measurements → longitudinal expansion (3d-hydro) Direct photons → the expansion of the medium Extended (di-)jet coverage → jet energy loss in the medium Suppression measurements → test linear factorization Additional handle for critical point search

  8. Designing the next stage forward PHENIX e/sPHENIX forward workfest, Santa Fe, May 21-25 Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • PHENIX has been planning upgrade programs aimed at both central and forward region • Central MIE sent to DOE by BNL Apr 2013 • Productive series of workfests hosted to brainstorm/develop forward detector designs • Recent workshops: May 2013 @ Santa Fe and July 2013 @ Japan/RIKEN • Current progress • Converging on detector concept designs • Performance quantified in first order • Developing GEANT simulation models • ePHENIX LOI writing committee formed, planned collaboration release at end of August

  9. arXiv:1207.6378, and updates Central rapidity Upgrade ? Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Use jets as a tool to investigate the constituents and dynamics of the sQGP in the region of strongest coupling through its transport coefficients • Detector package: Solenoidal field/Central silicon tracking/EMCal+Preshower/HCal • Steady progress • Started in 2009 with PHENIX decadal plans • Initial MIE submitted to BNL June 2012 • BNL administered review Oct 2012 • MIE sent to DOE by BNL Apr 2013 • Compatible with forward designs

  10. Forward detector design Goals and constraints Combined function magnet Quad 2 Quad 3 Electron quadrupoles 1.684 m 1.95 m 1.06m 0.845 m 1.0 m Ion beam neutrons 0.1107 m q=10 mrad 0.133 m 5 mrad q=10 mrad ZDC IP 12 10 14 16 8 6 4 3 2 q=4 mrad 1.9 cm (po/2.5) 4.50 m From D. Trbojevic e p/A 11.0364m Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Upgrade path that supports pp/pA/AA, then ep/eA physics • Jets, lepton and photons over a large range in rapidity (1<η<4) • Hadron PID in the forward region • Additional backward+central electron measurement in EIC stage • Compatible with central arm upgrade • Fit in the default IR for s/ePHENIX • IR limit in Z = 4.5m • Height limit of beam-rail of 4.5 m • No bending magnetic field on beam

  11. Recent development:Babar Magnet BaBar solenoid in its transfer frame, May 17 2013 Longer Magnet Babar Tracking resolution based on field calculation Babar magnet VS longer MIE sPHENIX magnet Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Cancelation of SuperB has made BaBar solenoid potentially available • Favor for forward tracking • Longer field volume (L x~2) • Higher current density at end of the magnet • Quantified by comparison to the default and extended sPHENIX solenoid • At ALD’s request, drafting an official letter to express interest in acquiring the magnet

  12. A detector concept – hadron collisions η~1 R (cm) R (cm) MuID η~-1 HCal HCal EMCal Aerogel & RICH EMCal& Preshower η~4 Central silicon tracking GEM Station2 z (cm) Silicon Station1 GEM Station3 GEM Station4 p p 3He p p A A A Forward field shaper (later slides) Numerical field calculation from POISSION shownCrosschecked with Opera/FEM and used in analysis of later slides Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  13. A detector concept – EIC collisions η~1 R (cm) R (cm) HCal η~-1 HCal EMCal -1.2 Aerogel & RICH EMCal & Preshower EMCal & Preshower μ-TPC η~4 GEM Station2 z (cm) GEMs GEMs Station1 GEM Station3 GEM Station4 DIRC p/A e- Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  14. Very forward tracking ideas probed: Specialized forward field considered B Beam line magnetic field shielding, based on superconducting pipe. Test device planned (Stony Brook Group) Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  15. One promising solution:Passive piston field shaper by C. L. da Silva B Track Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  16. Passive piston field shaper by C. L. da Silva Default Babar field With passive piston (Notice change in vertical scale) Piston area Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Advantage : • Significantly improved very forward field where Babar field is least effective • Simple implementation • Minimal interaction with Babar field and beam • Challenges that under study • Background shower from piston • Further improvement limited by total piston flux (may use silicon detector)

  17. Forward PID consideration Purity of hadron sample using CF4 RICH by T. Erdenejargal (U. Colorado) Purity • π • K • p Stat. limit Proton not firing RICH • dp/p = 0.5% x p assumed • Evaluated 10x250 EIC at η=3 Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Cherenkov detector for hadron ID • p<~10 GeV/c: aerogel radiator • p>~10 GeV/c: gas radiator • Statistical separation under study, considering • Photon fluctuation and detection error • Tracking resolution • Field bending (next slides) • Promising hadron PID capability demonstrated • EM Calorimeter • Restacking of the current PHENIX calorimeter • σ(E)/E ~ 8%/√E • Hadronic calorimeter • New iron scintillator sample calorimeter • Also serve as field return • σ(E)/E ~ 90%/√E • Other PID options under study • Stack of threshold Cherenkov detectors • High precision TOF detectors

  18. Estimating field distortion for RICH A RICH Ring: Photon distribution due to tracking bending only R • Field calculated numerically with field return • Field linesmostly parallel to tracks in the RICH volume • Field distortion of RICH ring only contribute to a minor uncertainty R < 52 mrad for C4F10 Dispersion ΔR <2 mrad EMCal GEM Station3 HCal Track RICH Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov>

  19. Azimuthal difference VS ETrue Azimuthal Resolution VS ETrue Initial Jet response studywith EMCal + HCal by Mike M. 1<η<2 2<η<3 3<η<4 ErecoVS Etrue : Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • Initial study of pointing resolution • 1<η<3: 0.01-0.03 (rad or η unit) • 3<η<4: ~0.05 (rad or η unit)

  20. On going simulation work PYTHIA 5x50 GeV e-p event in GEANT4 by C. Pinkenburg 30 GeV electron track and shower in hadron endcap, by C. L. da Silva Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • 2D Field calculation using three tools and cross check • Opera/FEM/POISSION • Simulation implementation in Geant4

  21. Summary Jin Huang <jhuang@bnl.gov> • PHENIX collaboration actively pursue forward upgrade • Wide spectrum of forward physics and collision species considered • For pp/pA/AA collisions : multi-dimentional hadron structure, cold nuclear matter, critical point search and 3d-hydro • For EIC stage-I, ep/eA collisions: Nucleon helicity and multi-dimentional structure, Nuclear modification, Gluon saturation, Propagation/Hadronization in nuclear matter • Upgrade path for both hadron and EIC collisions • Fit into geometry constraint, no field on beam line • Converging on detector concept and upgrade path • Providing a large rapidity coverage and comprehensive PID capability • Quantifying detector performance

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