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Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings

Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21 st – 23 rd MAY 2013 Professor Susan Roaf Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Email: s.roaf@hw.ac.uk.

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Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings

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  1. Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21st– 23rd MAY 2013 Professor Susan Roaf Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Email: s.roaf@hw.ac.uk

  2. Talk Structure: • Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers • Legislative Drivers – The European Example • Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail • How ? Ecological Design: Dynamic Networks • 3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona • 4. Where to next ?

  3. Talk Structure: • Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers

  4. The Climate Change Challenge Atmospheric Carbon and Temperature are linked c a b d http://www.skepticalscience.com/human-co2-smaller-than-natural-emissions.htm

  5. Change Rate and Magnitude Increase a b 1958 – 315 ppm 2005 280 ppm c d 9th May 2013 - 400ppm Time ? 2100 ?

  6. Global Ice Melts: Sea Level Rises 2012

  7. Coastal and inland flooding Loss of Lives Loss of Livlihoods Images of Macedonian floods Loss of Communities Loss of Infrastructure

  8. HEATWAVES NY 2010 2010 EU 2003

  9. 52,000 People died in Europe in July 2003 In their own homes in the July heat wave

  10. The Ozone Challenge

  11. More Unaffordable Climate Impacts

  12. The Peaky Building Problem: Architecture makes it worse In 2008 NSW, Australia 10% of all electrical generating capacity was needed for just 1% of the time during hot spells

  13. Importance of Understanding the Problem: PEAKY BUILDINGS – PEAKY CITIES

  14. 14 London : 3.1 C Essen : 4 C Frimbourg (CH) : 5 C Gotemborg : 6 C Bale - Berne = 6 C Malmoe : 7 C Zurich = 7 C Frimbourg (D) : 10 C Paris : 14 C Athens : 14 C 12 10 8 6 USA cities 4 European cities 2 Population HEAT ISLAND Urban Microclimate and Its Impact on the Cooling Needs of Buildings Source: Matt Santamouris

  15. It gets hot – everyone has their air-conditioning on – the lights go out - New York 2003 – 50 million without energy for 2 days – July 2012: 250 million people in India for 2 days

  16. Talk Structure: • Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Legislative Drivers – The European Example

  17. EU Rationale for better buildings • The European Commission (EC) wants cost-efficient ways to make the European economy more: • Ozone and Climate-friendly • Less energy-consuming • The EU 2050 Roadmap for carbon emission reduction: • 2020 targets of: • 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels • 20% EU energy consumption produced from renewables • 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency • 80-95 % by 2050 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm

  18. 1. European Performance Building Directive EPBD 2002 and Recast 2010 To enable Europe achieve Energy and Greenhouse Gas (ghg) targets. Certification is key. http://www.epbd-ca.eu/

  19. EPC Buildings are of 2 grades 2 levels EPC Assessor: Simple buildings -with “frequently occurring characteristics" such as simple heating systems, simple natural ventilation and small comfort cooling systems. Complex buildings with advanced features, both of which can be calculated using a National Calculation Methodology (NCM) required under the EPBD.

  20. The EPBD requirement under for Energy Performance Certificates for buildings has been rolled out at different rates across EU countries http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html

  21. 2. Energy Efficiency Directive: 2012 Acommon framework of measures for the promotionof energy efficiency Legislating Member States to mobilise investment in the renovationof the national stock of buildings C. 17 billion euros available in the coming funding round http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_en.htm

  22. 3. The Ecodesign Directive 2005 and 2009 Mandates ecodesign requirements for some products- Including ventilation and air-conditioning systems Applies today to products with capacity up to 12kW In 5 years applies to larger capacity Systems http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm

  23. 4. Directive on Substances which Damage the Ozone Layer 2000 and 2008 • Stricter than Montreal Protocol • Takes into account the increasing availability of products that can replace those which deplete the ozone layer http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l28064_en.htm

  24. Result = More Expensive Air-Conditioning

  25. Talk Structure: • Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail to meet their performance targets

  26. PROBLEM: • A SQUEEZED CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY • Barriers to Investment in Energy Efficiency: • Everything Costs More • More Institutional Barriers • Poor Awareness / Information • Global Financial Crisis http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html

  27. And Poorer Building Design ? Econ 19 - http://www.targ.co.uk/other/guide19.pdf Naturally Ventilated Naturally Ventilated AC AC www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf

  28. The Problems of Many Modern Buildings Poor Climatic Design Expensive to run + UNCOMFORTABLE August 2009, 40ºC Source: Edward Arens, UC Berkeley, Windsor Conference 9-11 April 2010. December 2009, 5ºC

  29. The Challenge of Natural Ventilation • CONSTRAINTS: • New 4-storey, open-plan offices • Tight build programme • The process was cost-driven • A year after completion, the M & E systems had not been accepted. LCBP Case Study: West Suffolk House

  30. actual emissions of 88.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum Nearly three times the design estimate of 31.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum

  31. REALITY CHECK Densely occupied Noise disturbance through lightwell from ground floor café Too deep for single-sided natural ventilation ? The Architecture was a Problem here …

  32. Dissatisfied Occupants For more Case Studies see: www.usablebuildings trust.co.uk

  33. County Hall London Performance Gap Design intent = 236kWh/m2 Marketing pitch = A “sustainable and virtually non-polluting” design Actual building performance = 376kWh/m2 The 1997 ECON19 good practice level for naturally ventilated office = 112kWh/m2 Fantasy Reality Gap ? Paul Gerard Tuohy, Gavin B Murphy (2012). Why advanced buildings don’t work? Proceedings of 7th Windsor Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 12-15 April 2012. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk

  34. The Credibility Gapfor a green building award winner Seduced by our Models? Source: Bill Bordass http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf

  35. LEED BUILDINGS WORSE THAN CODE Source: NBI study 2008

  36. Renewable Energy Architectural Engineering 1. That only takes you from There to There 2. How do you get to Here ? Optimise the Modelled Building ?

  37. Time to Rethink Design ?

  38. Fine – but how do we make a living ? Eco Design…….. TIME SPACE ARCHITECTURE 21STC Thinking Whole system thinking ‘ ‘out of the Box 20thC Thinking Efficiency Innovation Competition

  39. Only Way to Meet the Targets - Connect the Flows Social – Physical – Economic – Time – People

  40. N S TIME AND PLACE AND SPACE Increasing Time lag Increasing Time lag Hot Zone o Shade Cool Zone People, Buildings and Climate in Dynamic relationships 5o-10oC temperature differences found in different rooms in the same house Source: Jane Matthews Picture: Jane Matthews

  41. Talk Structure: 3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona Building Outline Name: PortaFira Application: Hotel Surface: 34.700m2 Number of floors: 24 Height: 113m Rooms: 345 Thanks for these Porta Fira details to Santiago Gonzalez and Daikin Spain

  42. Reasons of selecting VRV Energy efficiency Partial load Multiple outdoors Heat recovery System Outline (VRV + AHU + chillers) Outdoor(VRV): 74 Capacity VRV(kW): 2280 Indoor VRV (Qty): 664 ducted Capacity chiller(kW): 1200 System outline

  43. Engineers and Manufacturers working closely with the architects Toyo Ito

  44. System outline (floor plan) NW Hot side Individual system controls Indoor per room Opening window External skin of Timber shading N SE Cooler side Flexible system across floors

  45. Heat recovery VRV Room layout can Careful location of different room functions and matching with Time, month and local micro-climate can significantly boost Seasonal efficiency with intelligent patterns of occupation and controls

  46. Centralized Control : I-Manager enables fine tuning of occupied zones Remote Predictive Maintenance: ACNSS

  47. Centralized Control : I-Manager – people can be located in cooler or warmer zones

  48. Emporisskyscapers Emporis collects data on full life-cycle of a building, from idea to demolition. Porta Fira won the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2010.

  49. Porta Fira Whole System Optimisation • Fault free operation – predictive diagnostics – Product • Load shift and shave peak loads – Control • Optimised zoning for energy minimisation - Planning • User choice – higher comfort levels – Behaviour • Maximize use of ambient energy – Design

  50. Eco Design Whole System Thinking Good Architect Flexible / Adaptable Genuine Co-operation Good Building 21st C Buildings from all involved Pushes well beyond current Regulation Targets

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