Cloning: Uses and Breakthroughs in Plant and Animal Research

1. Vocabulary Learning new words 新课标人教版B8 U2 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院 巫柠裕

2. Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:

4. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. straightforward ：简单的

5. Adj: 1. If you describe something as straightforward, you approve of it because it is easy to do or understand. 简单明了的,易懂的 The question seems straightforward enough. 这个问题看起来够简单的。 2. If you describe a person or their behavior straightforward, you approve of them because they are honest and direct, and do not try to hide their feelings.  坦率的;率直的;坦诚的 He is very blunt, straightforward and honest. 他非常直率，很坦诚，也非常诚实。

6. Adj: 3.direct 径直的, 直截了当的 I must insist on your giving a straightforward answer. 我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

7. Adv: straightforward 作为副词的含义有： 1. pointed directly ahead直截了当地 Acid rain is not straightforward attributable to the burning of coal.酸雨并非简单地由烧煤造成。 2. frankly 坦率地 His daughter says straightforward that he was not good enough. 他的女儿直言他不够好。

8. 词性转换 straightforwardly: 1.简单地 She spoke straightforwardly about what had happened. 2.坦率地 a straightforwardly pleasant man

9. 词性转换 Straightforwardness 1. 直率 They were impressed by his sincerity and straightforwardness. 他的诚恳直率给他们留下了很深的印象。 2. 坦诚 They liked her apparent sincerity and straightforwardness. 他们喜欢她的真实坦诚。

11. Guessing word

12. Guessing word

13. Guessing word To accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it. 着手做;从事;承担

14. Guessing word He undertook to pay the money back in six months.

15. Guessing word He undertook to finish the job by Friday.

16. Guessing word to promise or agree to do something 承诺；保证；答应

17. Language points verb [transitive verb] undertake-undertook-undertaken

18. Language points undertake a task/a project/research/a study etc eg. I wanted to undertake the challenge of daring to be great. undertake to do something eg. He undertook to pay the money back in six months.

19. Language points Synonym undertake = agree, bargain, contract, engage, guarantee, pledge, promise

21. 原文例句： But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough-the cloning of Dolly the sheep. pay off 在原文中的意思是得到好结果，取得成功的意思 例句：Did your daring plan pay off?

22. 以下语句中的pay off 都有不一样的意义 1.The men were paid off just before the holiday. 刚好放假前，这些人领到了工资。 2. It took them three years to pay off their debts． 他们付了3年才付清了债务。 3. The whole ship's crew were paid off at the end of the voyage． 远航结束时全船员工拿到工资后就被遣散了。

23. 以下语句中的pay off都有不一样的意义 4. It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it should pay off in the long run. 安装机械的代价很高，但从长远看是划算的。 5. Joel wanted to pay William off for backbiting him． 乔尔因威廉在背后说他坏话而要对他进行报复。 6. He agreed to pay the gang off if they promised not to burn down his shop． 如果匪徒们答应不烧毁他的商店，他同意给他们钱。

24. 归纳pay off的意义： • 1．pay the wages of 付工资 • 2．discharge a debt completely 偿清（债务） • 3．be rewarding 有报偿 • 4．pay and discharge from a job 发薪遣散 • 5．get revenge on 报复；报仇 • 6．give money to sb. to stop him from threatening 给（某人）钱使其不做危害自己的事；贿赂

26. Guessing word

27. Guessing word This astonishing technological breakthrough is by far the most innovative advancement in history.

28. Guessing word an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time. 突破；重大进展

29. Language points verbs+n. make a breakthrough achieve a breakthrough represent a breakthrough

30. Language points adjectives+n. a big/major breakthrough a significant/important breakthrough a technological/scientific breakthrough a historic breakthrough

31. Language points breakthrough = development, advance, discovery, find, invention, leap, progress, step forward

32. Homework 运用指定单词进行中译英翻译 1. 他用稿费的收入偿还了朋友的债务。（paid off ） 2. 对于其中的困难他倒是相当直率地告诉了我们。（straightforward ） 3. 他答应亲自编辑正文的内容。（undertook ） 4. 在寻求和平上我们已经取得真正的突破。（breakthrough）

34. Key to the exercises 1. He paid off the debt of his friend with the money raised by his writings. 2. He was quite straightforward with us about the difficulties involved. 3. He undertook to edit the text himself. 4. We have achieved a real breakthrough in the search for peace.