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Lecture 1: Introduction and Historical perspective

Lecture 1: Introduction and Historical perspective. Stratigraphy B. Natalin. Prof. Dr. Boris A. Natalin, Office – E 502 Phone – 285 6221, e-mail: natalin@itu.edu.tr Website: http://web.itu.edu.tr/~natalin/Stratigraphy/index.html Assistant E-mail :. Stratigraphy.

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Lecture 1: Introduction and Historical perspective

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  1. Lecture 1: Introduction and Historical perspective Stratigraphy B. Natalin

  2. Prof. Dr. Boris A. Natalin, • Office – E 502 • Phone – 285 6221, • e-mail: natalin@itu.edu.tr • Website: http://web.itu.edu.tr/~natalin/Stratigraphy/index.html • Assistant • E-mail:

  3. Stratigraphy • Definition: The branch of geology that infers temporal relationships from spatial relationships is called stratigraphy. (Şengör, Sakinç, 2001) • First usage: William Smith (1817)

  4. Stratigraphy • From the Latin stratum and Greek graphia • Traditionally was considered as a descriptive science of rock strata • Now, all classes of rocks – sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic – fall within the scope of stratigraphy • Stratigraphic procedure includes:- description- classification- naming- correlation of rock unites

  5. Textbooks • Prothero, D. R., 1990. Interpreting the stratigraphic record: W. H. Freeman, New York, 410 p. • Boggs, S. Jr., 2001. Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Third edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 726 p. • Salvador, A., ed., 1994, International stratigraphic guide - A Guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure, second edition, The Geological Society of America, Boulder, 214 p.

  6. How to use lecture schedule

  7. Examinations • Two examinations: one after discussion of litho- and biostratigraphy and the other one at the end of the semester. • Quiz containing 3-5 questions. • 3 home works

  8. Grading • Final examination – 45 points • Midterm examination – 30 points. • Quizzes – 10 points • Homeworks – 15 points • I reserve the right to rise or reduce by 10 points the final mark on the basis of my impression of student overall performance and enthusiasm • Minimal limit for success – 40 point.

  9. Geologic time • Absolute date/Absolute time • Relative dating/Relative time

  10. How we know time? • Process → Rate of process → Time • Structural relations of rock bodies (lower or higher)

  11. Early ideas about the Earth/Time • Non-Western cultures (China, India) thought of the Earth as eternal and unchanging or as changing cyclically

  12. Early ideas about the Earth • Heraclitus of Ephesus (540-480 BC) • The "doctrine of flux" which viewed the whole cosmos as in a constant state of change. He expressed this view poetically as a metaphor: "You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you" • Lucretius (95-55 BC); Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) – had naturalistic view

  13. Early ideas about the Earth/Time • The book of Genesis says that rocks were created together with mankind a few thousand years ago. • Early miners had static view of the earth and time.

  14. Early ideas about the Earth/Time Xenophanes of Colophon (570 BC-480 BC) saw shells high on the cliffs and suggested that the sea periodically covered the land Herodotus (484-425 BC) suggested change of shoreline

  15. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) • Dane • Noted that the teeth of the shark are the same as the glossopetrae (tongue stones) so often found as fossils • "The prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's dissertation concerning a solid body enclosed by a process of nature within a solid"

  16. Relative dating Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) is the founder of relative dating

  17. Steno's Laws • Original horizontality • Original continuity • Superposition

  18. Original horizontality

  19. Original horizontality These folded rocks were originally were horizontal

  20. Original continuity

  21. Original continuity

  22. Law of superposition

  23. Principal of inclusion

  24. Principle of cross-cutting relationships

  25. Early time scales • Johann Gottlob Lehmann (1700-1767), professor at the mining academy in Berlin • Ganggebirge • Flötzgebirge • Landslide, volcanic eruptions post Noah's time

  26. Giovanni Arduino (1713-1795), professor of mineralogy at Padua, Italy • (1) Primary (2) Secondary (3) Tertiary.

  27. Historical perspective • Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750-1817) Freiberg Mining Academy which he made the center of geology in Europe, is the founder of Neptunism.

  28. Wernerian Scheme 1. Primitive (Ürgebirge) 2. Transition (Übergangsgebirge) 3. Stratified (Flötz) 4. Alluvial (Aufgeschwemmte) 5. Volcanic. Young. Resulted from burning of coal.

  29. Leopold von Buch (1774-1853) accepted igneous origin of basalt • Plutonists

  30. James Hutton (1726–1797): Member of the Oyster Club and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Valued natural laws. • Concept of uniformitarianism and unconformities

  31. Uniformitarianism • The present is the key to the past

  32. J. HuttonRock cycle

  33. Hutton and unconformity and estimation of the earth age. • Catastrophism

  34. Historical perspective • Charles Lyell (1797-1875) in 1830-1833 published three volumes Principles of Geology • Actualism and gradualism

  35. Fossils and correlation • William Smith (1769-1839), the first professional geologist • He invented the Principle of faunal succession (1796)

  36. Geological map of England and Wales (Smith, 1815)

  37. Back to catastrophism • Baron George Cuvier (1769-1832) • Mammoth and catastrophes

  38. Time Rock (stratigraphic record) Cuvier’s biostratigraphy Human bones Lower time limit for men Upper time limit for mammoth Mammoth bones

  39. Back to catastrophism • Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart (1770-1847) studied Paris Basin (1811)

  40. Lyell’s “clock”

  41. Relative versus numerical age • “Begat” method • Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland (1581-1665) declared that the Earth was created in the evening of October 22, 4004 BC

  42. Relative versus numerical age • Assumption: Physical properties of the Earth had change uniformly through time • Increase in ocean salinity: Jolly, 1899, – 90 Ma • Rate of sediment accumulation: estimates between 1860-1909 – 100 Ma • Cooling from an initial molten state: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) – 100 Ma • Modern geochronology: The age of the Earth is 4.56 Ga (billion years)

  43. Naming of the Eras, Periods, and Systems • Paleozoic era – Adam Sedgwick (1839) • Mesozoic era – John Phillips (1840) • Cenozoic (Kainozoic) – John Phillips (1840)

  44. Cretaceous – southern England, northern France, and Belgium, d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1822 Jurassic – Jura Mountains, Alexandre von Humboldt 1799 Tertiary – Tuscany, Giovanni Arduino 1760

  45. Ordovician – Charles Lapworth, 1879 Cambrian – northern Wales, Sedgwick, 1835 Silurian – Welsh, Murchison, 1835 Triassic – Germany , Friedrich August von Albert, 1815

  46. Devonian – William Lonsdale, 1837

  47. Permian – Urals, Roderick Murchison 1840 and 1841

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