Profiling Floats - Basic Operation

1. Profiling Floats - Basic Operation

2. How a Float Works: A hydraulic pump transfers mass (oil) between the inside and outside of the instrument.

3. Profile Data at the Coriolis (France) Data Center

4. Profiles at Coriolis (March 2008) July 2007 December 2007 (XBT + CTD) – 32 (XBT + CTD) – 482 Argo - 2232 Argo - 2076

5. Presently, 3 Types of Floats are in Widespread Use Argos antenna SeaBird CTD unit SOLO (cutaway) APEX Cowling (bladder inside)

6. Active Argo Floats as of 31 August 2008

7. Growth of the Argo Array - I

8. Growth of the Argo Array - II

9. Distribution of U.S. Argo Data to the GTS

11. Energy Consumption Rate vs File Size 60 50 40 Consumption rate (J/kb) 30 20 10 0 1 10 100 1000 File Size (kb) 1 D-cell  50kJ  2.5Mb

12. $ Consumption Rate vs File Size 0.5 0.4 0.3 Consumption rate ($/kb) 0.2 0.1 0 1 10 100 1000 File Size (kb)

13. Satcom Systems Available to Buoy Operators

14. University of Washington Seaglider

15. Iridium Controlled; 377 dives some to 1,200 meters Glider was redirected and recovered by small vessel

17. DBCP Iridium Pilot Project

20. Iridium Communications “Standard” Iridium and GPS patch antenna configuration “Mai-tai” Iridium and GPS patch antenna configuration

21. 30 day SSS retrieval bias 30 day SSS retrieval error standard deviation Note degradation in high latitudes, especially southern ocean Aquarius SSS Retrieval Simulation Mean and Standard Deviation Errors

22. Prototype SeaBird surface salinity sensor (first deployment first-half of 2007)

23. Comparing SBE and Optode O2 sensors…. CTD sensors SBE O2 sensor Optode sensor The endcap of UW float 0035 is equipped with both SBE and Optode O2 sensors. [note: requires APF9 controller]

24. Hydrophone We have added an ARG (a broad band hydrophone and electronics) to several profiling floats, including UW Argo float 0006. A float should provide a much quieter platform for acoustic measurements than a mooring.

25. 2H A float drifting at a depth H receives acoustic energy from a cone of height H and diameter 2H above it H

26. UW Argo float 0006 (WMO ID 2900107), with an ARG installed, was deployed 9/22/2004 in the Bay of Bengal. The ARG performed well through 12/2005.

27. WIND SPEED RAIN RATE SW monsoon (wet) SW monsoon (wet) NE monsoon (dry) 2004 2005 Wind speed and rainfall rate as measured by float 0006 at intervals of 3 hours, 9/04 – 12/05. Rainfall occurs as discrete events.

28. E/M Iridium Float

29. E/M + iridium…. [deployed near Hurricane Frances, 8/31/04] hurricane

30. Tsunami Warning System Buoy

31. Current Hardware Talladega Modem (SBD-only) • ~4.2” x 2.2” x 0.5” • ~0.3 pounds • $350 – $450 Daytona Modem • ~7.7” x 3.25” x 1.54” • ~1.5 pounds • $930-1200 Talladega Modem (Single Board-Level) • ~4.0” x 2.0” x 0.3” • ~0.1 pounds • $350 – $450 Daytona Modem (Single Board-Level) • ~6.2” x 2.1” x 0.4” • ~0.30 pounds • $1000 – $1200 Part of audio circuit is removed

32. Airtime Cost* Dial-up Data • Monthly fee ranging from $14 to $30 • Airtime ranging from $0.92 to $1.50 per minute • Activation fee of ~$30 Short Burst Data • Standard Plan • Monthly fee ranging $13 to $30 • Per byte cost ranging from $0.0015 per byte to $0.01 per byte • No activation fee • Fixed-cost Plan • Monthly fee ranging from $16 to $40 • First 12,000 bytes are free • After 12,000 bytes: per byte costs ranging from $0.0015 to $.01 per byte • Activation Fee: $40 • Monthly Fee while IMEI is suspended: $16 For RUDICS • Monthly Fee ranging from $14 to $30 • Airtime costs ranging from $0.64 to $1.50 per minute • One-time setup fee ranging from $2,500 to $10,500 *Cost can vary widely among service providers. Need to “shop” for good rates.

33. Telecommunications Cost Estimates (55,000 profiles per year) • 2001 Proposal: Argos @ $20/profile = $1,100,000/year • Under the present Argos Joint Tariff Agreement: ~$14/profile = $770,000/year • Argos, U.S. Special rate (54,000 profile cap): $375,000/year = ~$6.80/profile • Iridium SBD Flat Fee: ~$4.25/profile = $235,000/year (assumes 20% volume discount and < 12 Kbytes/3 profiles/month) • Iridium RUDICS: $6.80 per profile (500 pressure levels) = $375,000 per year; $7.87 per profile (2 db) = $433,000 per year; One-time, set-up costs • Iridium Modem-to-Modem: $9.20 per profile (2 db) = $506,000 per year

34. Near-Future Developmental Effort Relatively Broad-Band Solution • Bandwidth will be somewhere between 64 kbits/sec and 128 kbits/sec • Modem will be slightly larger than existing Daytona modem shown below • Use existing omni-directional antennas (quad-helix or micro-strip) • Use existing network infrastructure (space vehicles, ground gateway, etc.) • Expected availability of around 4th quarter of 2008 • Rates are not yet established

35. Antarctic Program Usage

36. Iridium NEXT • Planning continues to replace current constellation • Launching around 2013 • Completion by 2016 • Backward compatible for existing customers, but will introduce new products too • Improving data speeds, subscriber technology, core technology improvements • Maintaining our unique attributes -- global coverage, security, availability, LEO architecture • New business opportunities with secondary payloads • New partnerships being discussed with commercial entities and governments • Exciting new applications and revenue streams

39. New INX Communications Services 39

40. Commercial Investment in New Services • Short Burst Data Modem Service • Internet connected modem • Small form factor, low-power device • Gives global small message services • Uses include text messaging, tracking and locating, sensor data, container security and automotive telematics • Netted Radio Service • Push to talk nets • Unlimited nets • Next door or world-wide • Mobile Broadband Service • Up to 153 kbps service • Unique utilization of current architecture • Gives maritime market new high speed communication service • Transportable Broadband Service • Up to 1.5 Mbps service • Transportable ground terminal • Ka-band antenna • Unique utilization of current architecture