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DNA: Promises and Problems

DNA: Promises and Problems. What is DNA? An analogy Common DNA technologies DNA profiling Genetic Engineering Reprogenetics Stem Cell Research Cloning III. Brave New World?. DNA is like a cookbook. Genes are like recipes for proteins. Amino Acids are like

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DNA: Promises and Problems

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  1. DNA: Promises and Problems • What is DNA? An analogy • Common DNA technologies • DNA profiling • Genetic Engineering • Reprogenetics • Stem Cell Research • Cloning • III. Brave New World?

  2. DNA is like a cookbook • Genes are like recipes for • proteins • Amino Acids are like • the ingredients • Codons are like the words in the • recipes • RNA is like the cook • ATCG are like the letters of the words • Proteins are like the cookies I. What is DNA? An Analogy • Ribosomes are like the ovens

  3. Questions In the DNA analogy, what are the words?A. CodonsB. ATCGC. Amino acidsD. Genes In the DNA analogy, what are the recipes?A. CodonsB. ATCGC. Amino acidsD. Genes

  4. II. Common DNA technologies • A. DNA profiling • B. Genetic Engineering • C. Reprogenetics • D. Stem Cell Research • E. Cloning

  5. A. DNA profiling

  6. Connections Genetic homology implies biological relationship which implies common ancestry. Three domains

  7. 6 to 8 mya Bonobo Chimp Genome Comparisons 98.7% homology

  8. Human origins and connections The human family Human origins The Genographic Project 99.9% homology

  9. DNA Databases CODIS

  10. Questions Based on DNA profiling and other DNA comparisons, how genetically similar are humans and chimpanzees? a. 10.3% b. 50.9% c. 98.7% d. 99.9% Based on DNA profiling and other DNA comparisons, how genetically similar are all humans? a. 10.3% b. 50.9% c. 98.7% d. 99.9% • What is the goal of the Genographic Project? • To determine how many genes humans have • To determine where humans originated • To determine how closely related we are to other animals • To determine the paths taken by humans from out of Africa

  11. B. Genetic engineering

  12. How can we do this? transgenic organisms

  13. Animals that glow!!!! GFP

  14. Axolotl A germline GFP transgenic axolotl Paedomorphosis

  15. agriculture

  16. The Holy Grail of GM Crops Legumes High in protein Protein and nitrogen Rhizobium: root bacterium nitrogenase Nitrogen fixation 78% of air Nitrogen fertilizer N2

  17. Germ line therapy sperm egg zygote medicine 1. Gene therapy SCID What about other genes? 2. Pharmacogenetics

  18. Questions • Why did researchers insert a jellyfish gene into a monkey? • Monkeys that glow make really cool pets • Just to see if they could do it • So they could study the activity of the gene of interest • To find out if jellyfish and monkeys were related • Which of the following is NOT a use for transgenic species? • Producing important human proteins • Growing human organs • Producing animals that produce better animal products • Determining the function of human genes • All of these are uses of transgenic species

  19. Genetic testing for diseases

  20. C. Reprogenetics In vitro fertilization (IVF) Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

  21. C. Reprogenetics Eugenics? IVF (in vitro fertilization) PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis) • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia • Sickle cell trait • Tay Sachs • Sex determination • At risk diseases

  22. D. Stem Cell Research Ethics? Totipotent and pluripotent

  23. E. Cloning Therapeutic versus Reproductive cloning

  24. F. Brave New World?

  25. The end Unsubmissive Plant by Remedios Varo

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