The Progressive Era 1890-1920

1. The Progressive Era1890-1920 “What were the causes and effects of the Progressive Movement?”

2. SSUSH13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.a.  Explain Upton Sinclair's The Jungleand federal oversight of the meat packing industry.b.  Identify Jane Addams and Hull House, and the role of women in reform movements.c.  Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.d.  Explain Ida Tarbell's role as a muckraker.e.  Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, the recall, and referendum, direct election of senators, reform of labor laws and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

3. Read Chapter 17! • Compare and contrast populism and Progressivism.

4. The Drive for Reform Section 1 • “What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?” • Vocabulary: • Progressivism Jane Addams • muckraker direct primary • Lincoln Steffens initiative • Jacob Riis referendum • Social Gospel recall • settlement house

5. The Drive for Reform Origins of Progressivism Main Idea: The Progressive Movement was started to fight for a variety of political, social, and religious problems. Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform Main Idea: Journalists called muckrakersand fiction writers brought social problems to the public’s attention. Progressives Reform Society Main Idea: As Progressives gained support, they achieved reforms for the poor and children and improved the education system and working conditions for industrial workers. Reforming Government Main Idea: Progressives made changes to local governments and reformed election rules to give citizens more power. Progressive leaders were elected into offices in many states, making it easier for reforms to occur. Continued…

6. The Progressive Era • The American Progressive Eraoccurred in the years before and after the turn of the 20th century • It lasted approximately 25 years • 1890 to 1916 • Caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration • The time period was typified by many reforms at the city, state, and federal levels

7. 3 Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt1901-1908 Republican • The “Square Deal” and “New Nationalism” • William Howard Taft1909-1912 Republican • Dollar Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson1913-1920 Democrat • The New Freedom

8. Roots of Progressive Movement The roots of the Progressivism are in the late 19th century and resulted from four arenas of concern: • The fight against corruption and inefficiency in government • Big-city political machines and government corruption • Concerns about the welfare of the urban poorfromsettlement-house workers and other reformers - Concerned with slum living conditions, child labor, and work hours and conditions • The effort to regulate and control big business growing out of the Granger and Populist movements • Issues from farmers and the working class • These also included concerns about the gold standard • Equal Rights for women and minorities • The struggle for women’s suffrage • The “birth” of the Civil Rights Era *What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve? Problems in the areas of politics and government, business, social welfare, and labor conditions

9. Muckrakers • TR called writers who wrote about wrongdoing in politics and business “muckrakers” • (Because they dug up the muck/dirt). • They were the journalists alerted public to wrongdoing by investigating issues and publicizing the results. • Readers pressured legislators to pass new laws attempting to fix these problems.

10. Muckrakers Reveal the Need to Reform • Journalists uncover injustices -Lincoln Steffens – editor of McClure’s Magazine -“The Shame of the Cities”- articles on political corruption • Jacob Riis – photographer for the New York Evening Sun -published How the Other Half Lives – photos of tenements

11. Important Progressive Author and Photographer • Jacob Riis • In his 1890 landmark book, How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis discussed the dismal conditions in which thousands of New York immigrants lived. • Most of the residential tenements were "unventilated, fever-breeding structures" that housed multiple families • His pictures helped document the living conditions and bring about changes *What role did journalists and other writers play in the Progressive Movement? Wrote sensational reports on problems in the U.S.

12. Exposing How the Other Half Lives INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: Exposing How the Other Half Lives

13. Ida Tarbell – famous Muckraker • Wrote The History of Standard Oil • Reported that John D. Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charge higher prices and reap huge profits • Worked for McClure’s • Her articles led to the breakup of Standard Oil

14. Novelists • Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle • Related the horrors of the Chicago stockyards, revealing the unsanitary conditions • Related the despair of immigrants who worked there

15. Other Important Progressives • Theodore Dreisel: Novelist and author of Sister Carrie • Walter Rauschenbusch: Social reformer and author of Social Gospelwho believed that the Bible’s teachings had instructions for how to teach the poor.

16. Progressives Reform Society • Social Gospel Guides Reform • Settlement Houses -Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago -By 1911, country had more than 400 settlement houses

17. Protecting Children and Improving Education • Florence Kelley – helped ban child labor • Helped create the U.S. Children’s Bureau to protect health and welfare of children • Child labor not ended for good until 1938 • John Dewey wanted students to think creatively and to teach new subjects like history and geography

18. Children Enrolled in Public Schools and Employed, 1870-1930 CHART Chart: Children Enrolled in Public Schools and Employed 1870-1930

19. Progressives Help Industrial Workers • In the early 1900s, 30,000 workers died on the job • March 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 workers • Led to laws to make workplaces safer • Workers’ compensation laws • Efforts to limit workday to 10 hours *How did Progressives work to help the urban poor? Helped the urban poor by establishing settlement houses, working to end child labor, improving education, and improving workplace conditions

20. The Fire • On May 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the upper floors of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. • Many workers could not escape as the doors had been locked to prevent unauthorized breaks and union agitation.

21. Results of the Fire • The factory owners were found innocent of negligence in criminal trials. • In civil suits they were order to pay $75 per dead worker. • New York’s Tammany Hall created a series of labor laws that protected the workers’ safety.

22. Reforming Government • Reform of city government -Commission form of government • Progressives reform election rules -direct primary: citizens vote to select nominees -initiative: people propose new law directly -referendum: citizens approve or reject laws that have been passed -recall: voters remove public servants from office before terms expire

23. City Commission TRANSPARENCY Transparency: City Commission

24. Progressive Governors Take Charge • Robert La Folletteof Wisconsin – railroad reform, improved education, make factories safer, adopted direct primary • Hiram Johnsonof California – ended Southern Pacific Railroad’s dominance of state government, instituted direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall, protected natural resources *How did Progressive reformers change local and state government? Realized that it would be necessary to reform the political process in order to make social reforms (direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall)

25. Analyzing Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Analyzing Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption

26. Reading Skill: Identify Details NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Details

27. The First Area of ReformThe Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and Politics

28. The First Area of ReformThe Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and PoliticsT • Cause: Political corruption • Results: • Direct Primary • Initiative • Referendum • Recall • 17th amendment • Commission form of city government (Galveston Plan)

29. The Second Area of ReformConcerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor

30. The Second Area of ReformConcerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor • Jane Addams – Hull House • Florence Kelley – ban child labor- U.S. Children’s Bureau • Keating-Owens Act – banned child labor, but was ruled unconstitutional • John Dewey – education – mandatory age • Margaret Sanger – birth control • Cities added parks, playgrounds fire regulations, utilities • Muller v. Oregon – limit women’s work hours to 10 per day • Temperance Movement – 18th Amendment • National Urban League

31. The Third Area of Reform The Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business

32. The Third Area of ReformThe Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business (Economy) • Hepburn Act • Sherman Antitrust Act • Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • 16th Amendment • Federal Reserve Act • Federal trade Commission (FTC) • Clayton Antitrust Act • Workingman’s Compensation Act • Conservation • Labor Strikes

33. The Fourth Area of ReformThe Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities

34. The Fourth Area of Reform The Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities • Susan B. Anthony – women’s suffrage • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – women’s suffrage • Carrie Chapman Catt – National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Alice Paul – National Woman’s Party (NWP) • 19th Amendment • Ida B. Wells – National Association of Colored Women • Florence Kelley – National Consumers League • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois • Niagara Movement – NAACP • Urban League

35. Women Make ProgressSection 2 • “How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?” • Vocabulary: -Florence Kelley suffrage -Carrie Chapman Catt NCL -temperance movement NAWSA -Margaret Sanger Alice Paul -Ida B. Wells Nineteenth Amendment

36. Women Make Progress Progressive Women Expand Reforms Main Idea: During the Progressive Movement many women took steps to gain reform for working conditions and family life. Women Fight for the Right to Vote Main Idea: Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul were two Progressive leaders who helped reenergize the national suffrage movement. Eventually, they were successful when Congress approved the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

37. Progressive Women Expand Reforms • More women went to college • Hardships of working women • Reformers: -Florence Kelley –National Consumers League (NCL) -Margaret Sanger– birth-control clinics -Ida B. Wells– National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

38. Margaret Sanger • Margaret Sanger was educated as and worked as a nurse. • In her work with poor women on the Lower East Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies. • She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing. • In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to give advice about birth control • This was against the law according to the Comstock Act!!! *What steps did women take to win workers’ rights? Successful in some states to reduce work hours for women

39. Analyzing Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Analyzing Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage

40. Women’s Suffrage • Goal of Movement • To get Congress to pass a Constitutional Amendment and get ¾ of the states to ratify it • To get individual states to permit women to vote • Western states had given women the right to vote before the amendment was passed • Women attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 and for the first time formally demanded the right to vote

41. Woman Suffrage • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s political issues • Carrie Chapman Catt worked to promote the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Plan to get Congress to pass a constitutional amendment and to get state legislatures to let women vote

42. Susan B. Anthony • Susan B. Anthony led the fight for suffrage. • Anthony was involved in the temperance and abolitionist movements. • She was arrested in 1872 for trying to vote • National American Woman Suffrage (NAWSA) formed in 1890 with Anthony as president

43. Carrie Chapman Catt • From 1890 to 1900 an organizer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she became its president in 1900. • She led the campaign to win suffrage through an amendment to the U.S. Constitution

44. Activists Carry on the Struggle • Alice Paul formed National Woman’s Party (NWP) • Picketed and protested, leading to arrests • Nineteenth Amendment - right to vote “shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex”; August, 1920

45. Two Strategies for Suffrage • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Campaigned for the right to vote • Used conventional means for achieving goal • Congressional Union (CU) • Led by Alice Paul • Used a more militant approach • Picketing, hunger strikes

46. Passages of Women’s Suffrage GRAPH Graph: Passages of Women’s Suffrage

47. The 19th Amendment • Ratified August 24, 1920 when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment. *What tactics did Progressive women use to win the right to vote? Lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment, held marches and hunger strikes, got some states to pass suffrage laws Section 1: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.  Section 2: Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

48. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

49. The Struggle Against DiscriminationSection 3 • “What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?” • Vocabulary: -Americanization NAACP -Booker T. Washington Urban League -W.E.B. Du Bois mutualistas -Niagara Movement -Anti-Defamation League

50. The Struggle Against Discrimination Progressivism Presents Contradictions Main Idea: Although many reforms occurred during the Progressive Era, many non-whites and immigrants also suffered as Protestants tried to force Americanization on them. Racism was prevalent even among Progressives, and segregation became the norm in many areas of the country. African Americans Demand Reforms Main Idea: African American leaders organized to gain reforms. Their efforts led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League. Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights Main Idea: Jews, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans formed groups to help fight for their rights in the early 1900’s.