DRUGS

1. DRUGS Ch. 5

2. What is a DRUG? • “Any natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher-order animals” • Dependence • Drug • Nature of drug • Route of administration • Dose • Frequency • Rate of metabolism • Nondrug • Personal characteristics of user • Expectations about drug experience • Society’s attitude & response • Setting of drug use

3. Dependency • Nonphysical dependence • Physiological need for drug that has been brought by regular use • Psychological dependence • Conditioned use of drug caused by emotional needs

4. Categories of Drugs • Narcotics • Hallucinogens • Stimulants • Depressants • Club Drugs • Anabolic Steroids

5. Narcotics • Analgesics (relieve pain by depressing Central Nervous System (CNS)) • Induces sleep • Depresses vital body functions • Opium • Morphine (extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin) • Heroin • Codeine • Cough suppressants • 1/6 strong as morphine

7. Narcotics • Synthetic Opiates • Not naturally derived from opium or morphine • Same physiological effect • Methadone • Aids in withdrawal from heroin • Oxycontin(oxycodone)

8. Hallucinogens • Mark changes in normal thought process, perception, and mood • Examples • Marijuana • LSD • PCP • MDMA (ecstasy) • Mescaline • Psilocybin

9. Depressants • Decrease activity of CNS • Calm irritability and excitability, and produce sleep • Examples • Alcohol • Barbiturates • Anti-anxiety Drugs (Valium, Librium) • Tranquilizers (Ketamine) • Huffing (sniffing glue, cement)

10. Stimulants • Increase activity of CNS • Increase alertness and activity • Examples • Amphetamines (uppers/speed) • Cocaine • Crack (freebase form of cocaine)

11. Anabolic Steroids • Synthetic compounds that are chemically related to testosterone • Androgenic effect • Promotes secondary male characteristics • Anabolic effect • Accelerates muscle growth

12. Controlled Substances Act

13. Forensic Drug Analysis • Screening test • Preliminary test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance • 1st- Drug or not a drug • 2nd-identity of drug • Confirmation • A single test that identifies a substance

14. Color Test

15. Microcrystalline Test • More specific than color test • Drop of reagent added to drug on microscope slide • Chemical reaction produces crystalline precipitate observed through microscope

16. We can use chromatography to separate the components of inks and dyes, such as those found in pens, markers, clothing, and even candy shells. Chromatography can also be used to separate the colored pigments in plants or used to determine the chemicalcomposition of many substances. http://members.shaw.ca/vict/chemistry_test3.htm What is chromatography? From Wikipedia ... Chromatography (from Greek word for chromosfor colour) is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated. Which means ... Chromatography is the physical separation of a mixture into its individual components.

17. Examples of Chromatography Liquid Chromatography Used to identify unknown plant pigments & other compounds. Gas Chromatography Used to determine the chemical composition of unknown substances, such as the different compounds in gasoline shown by each separate peak in the graph below. Thin-Layer Chromatography Uses thin plastic or glass trays to identify the composition of pigments, chemicals, and other unknown substances. Paper Chromatography Can be used to separate the components of inks, dyes, plant compounds (chlorophyll), make-up, and many other substances

18. Mixtures & Compounds Mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined. Examples of mixtures ...Air – mixture of gasesBowl of cereal – mixture of cereal and milkSoda pop – mixture of soda syrup, water, and CO2 gasFog –water suspended in airKool-Aid – mixture of water, sugar, and flavor crystals Compounds – Two or more elements that are chemically combined. Examples of compounds ...Salt –Sodium and chlorine combined chemicallyWater –Hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically Carbon Dioxide – Carbon and oxygen combined chemically

19. Solutions Solutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another. Solutions have two parts: solute and solvent The solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving Identify the solute and solvent in each solution ... Solubility - A measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid. A substance that does not dissolve in water is called insoluble. A substance that does dissolve in water is called soluble.

20. Spectrophotometry • Study of absorption of light by chemical substance • UV and IR spectrophotometers used in labs • IR (provides more complex patterns than UV) • Different materials have distinctively different IR spectra, each IR is like a fingerprint of the substance • Mass Spectrophotometry • Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons

22. Mass Spectrometry • Analytical tool used for measuring the molecular mass of a sample. • Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons • Monochromator • Device for isolating individual wavelengths or frequencies of light • Sample separated into its components by GC • Components are ionized identified by characteristics fragments of the spectra produced by MS

23. Mass Spectrometry