CCS by Microalgae A pilot project in the thermal power plant of NALCO, India

1. International Workshop on Public Education, Training, and Community Outreach for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
July 30 - 31, 2014 Decatur, Illinois, USA CCS by Microalgae A pilot project in the thermal power plant of NALCO, India Prof. Ranjan R. Pradhan (PhD) Proprietor, Indocan Technology Solutions (Canada) C. V. Raman College of Engineering

2. Contents • Climate change and our project • Concept of the project • Implementation of the project • Characterization of the Product from the project • Conclusion

3. Carbon Sequestration Pilot Plant NALCO, - CPPAngul, Odisha, India

4. How to Address Global Climate Change? • The scale of CO2disposal need far exceeds today's CO2 uses. • Sustainable CO2 capture and storage is at a reasonable cost can be a good alternative to utilize the abundantly available coal resources in India. • To solve the negative consequences there are two broad ways of fixing the global warming made by mankind. • These are: • CDR (Carbon dioxide removal) and • SRM (Solar radiation management)

5. CDR (Carbon dioxide removal) Sustainable Carbon Capture For Thermal Power Plants Thermal power plants, though a developmental need for India is a major GHG polluter (Thermal power plants contribute 25 % of the global GHG emission) Extent of Pollution & Opportunity 500 MW thermal power plant generates about 8000 tons of CO2 per day (This is a huge resource if can be reused)

6. What are we missing in our existing practices? 500 MW thermal power plant generates about 8000 tons of CO2 per day Forest land needed to capture this emission A hectare of pine forest can capture about 1 ton carbon dioxide / year, So we need about 29200 sq km land or roughly 20 % of total area of Odisha The dilemma! Either restrict the growth & promotion of many thermal power plants Or facilitate adequate forest coverage to compensate for the emissions Neither of the above can be acceptable, and we need to look for feasible alternates for low carbon economy & support mandates of Kyoto protocol

7. To sustain economic growth, potential alternates of low carbon economy must be adopted Two major possible technologies

8. Major issues to drive policy decisions for Algal technology • Climate change mandate • Vast land use change in India. • (Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change –IPCC reported land use change is one of the major contributor to carbon emission, i.e. equivalent to 25% of all the fossil fuel and cement plants emission combined) • 3. India is rightly place for the technology to evolve – • Optimum Climate and more than 340 days of sunshine • Large number of coal based power plants being built • Carbon dioxide is a very useful resource for algae industry & should not be wasted • Algal biomass will initiate a new resource for biorefinery value chain

9. Concept • The amount of CO2 sequestered in-Tons/ Acre/Year • Calculation for Per Acre: • Carbon Content Assumed in Biomass is ~ 50 % • ( Reference :  Knowledge Reference, National Forest Assessments, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, http://www.fao.org/forestry/17111/en/ • Carbon to Amount CO2 • 1 mole of carbon give 1 mol of CO2 • Molecular wt of C = 12 & CO2 is 44 • So Molar ratio = 44/12 = 3.6 ( 1 kg of carbon is equivalent to 3.6 kg of CO2)

10. Biomass is a Bonus (in addition to capture)!

12. Construction of Ponds :

13. Flugas Supply line from Duct of Unit – 7 and 8 Ducts from Unit 7 & 8 Heat exchanger, scrubber & cooling tower erected

14. Laboratory set-up of Algal cultivation bioreactor system with online CO2 and O2 monitoring & Control (SCADA)

15. Time - Days NTU

16. Recovered Algal Biomass • Potential • Plants can tolerate less CO2 ( ~ 450 PPM) • Plants growth has been increased by three times by enhancing CO2 conc. to about 450 ppm • Algae can tolerate higher CO2 Conc (> 20 % CO2 OR 200,000 ppm) • Algae growth rate can be enhanced upto 10 – 20 times with enhanced CO2 in lab scale

17. Characterization of the Product Thermal characterization of algae biomass and algae oil

18. Bacterial Mass Cultivation System Operation aided with flue gas Flue gas is processed to make Suitable for Sequestration Application NALCO – CPP Flue Gas @ 135 °C 12 – 15 % CO2 Biomass Value Chain and Utilization Technologies Biomass Recovery System & Quantification Process / Technology Flow

19. Applications Biorefinery A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum..

20. Process Conclusion • Algae – A Promising & Future Biomass from Flue gas: • Each gram of algae will capture 1.8 gm of CO2. • Cogeneration system of 16M m3 biogas capacity = ~ 260 tons of algae. • Biogas generation efficiency = 0.26 – 0.34 m3 /KG volatile solids (VS) added. • Algae biomass @ 89 % VS content potentially can produce ~ 115,000 m3 biogas for generating at least 55,000 KW4 of carbon negative electrical energy each cycle. • With an algal cultivation system the equivalent forest land requirement can be reduces by a factor of 10, as more than 10 times biomass can be generate, and depending on the end us, the carbon sequestration may be valued further.

21. Challenges yet to be addressed • Land availability near power plant • Retrofitting algae systems in existing power plants • Economic viability demonstration in India • Industrial perception • Encouraging Socio Economic and Awareness of CCS with microalgae

22. Overview of regional CCUS educational and outreach efforts • The ministry of 'environment and forests' (Govt. of India) is now ministry of 'environment, forests and climate change', • Inclusive National Education Policy • Inclusive Regional education policy • Local Environmental Associations and NGO

23. Questions Thank you www.ranjanpradhan.com www.indocantechnologysolutions .com