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g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / g]kfnL s[lif If]q. 8f= s[i0fk|;fb kGt sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / g]kfnsf] s[lif If]q @)^$ j}zfv @* / @( Onfd ahf/, Onfd cfof]hsM k|f] klAns, Onfd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / ;fjtL. 5nkmnsf laifox?. != WTO sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
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g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / g]kfnL s[lif If]q 8f= s[i0fk|;fb kGt sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / g]kfnsf] s[lif If]q @)^$ j}zfv @* / @( Onfd ahf/, Onfd cfof]hsM k|f] klAns, Onfd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / ;fjtL
5nkmnsf laifox? != WTOsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L @= g]kfnsf] WTOdf k|j]z #= WTOsf] p2]Zo, l;4fGt / sfo{If]q $= ;Demf}tfx?M s[lif ;Demf}tf, SPS ;Demf}tf, TBT;Demf}tf, GATS ;Demf}tf / TRIPS ;Demf}tf %= k|lt:kwf{, lgof{t / ;xof]u ^= lgisif{
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gWorld Trade Organization (WTO) • @)%! ;fndf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7ggfdsf] Ps cGt//fli6«o ;+:yf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . • o;df z'?df Uof6-@))$_ [General Agreement on Tariff and Trade- GATT]sf ;a} ;b:ox? -!@*_ / o'/f]lkog o'lgog ;b:o • xfn o;sf ;b:o ;+Vof !%) -leotgfdsf] k|j]z kl5_ • o; If]qaf6 e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfg afx]s ;a} b]zx? ;b:o e};s]sf 5g\ . • #) b]zx? ;b:o aGg] k|ofzdf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;b:otf • g]kfnn] klxnf] k6s @)$^ df (GATT) Uof6sf] ;b:otfsf] nflu b/vf:t lbof] . • @)%! df WTOsf] :yfkgf e};s] kl5 g]kfnn] km]l/ ;b:otfsf] nflu s'/f p7fof] . • @)%$ df g]kfnn] cfkm\g]f a}b]lzs Aofkf/ ;DalGw Aoj:yf (Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime) ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf a'emfof] . • Memorandom dfly k|Zg pTt/sf] k|ls|of rNof] . • WTOn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otf ;DalGw sfo{ ug{ Working Party sf] u7g u |of] . • pSt Working Party sf] ltgj6f cgf}krfl/s / ltgj6f cf}krfl/s a}7s kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lngsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ b:tfa]hx? tof/ eof] .
g]kfnsf] ;b:otfsfM b:tfa]h kfl/t • ;lDdngsf] k|f]6f]sn (Protocol of Accession) • sfo{bnsf] k|lta]bg (Working Party Report) • a:t' ;DalGw 5'6sf] cg';"lr (Schedule of Concession on Goods) • ;]jf ;DalGw 5'6sf] cg';"lr (Schedule of Commitments on Services) • oL b:tfa]hx?nfO{ WTO sf ;a} ;b:ox?n] dfgL @)^) ;fnsf] sfgs'g ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u |of] . • @)^) r}qdf g]kfnn] :jLsf/ u/L WTO nfO{ kq k7fof] • To;sf] #) lbg kl5 -@)^! a}zfv !! ut]_ g]kfnn] ljlwjt\ WTO sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u |of] . • oL ;a} b:tfa]hx? kfO{g] O{G6/g]6 7]ufgf http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/acc_e.htm
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo • cGt/fli6«o Aofkf/ ;DalGw lgodx?nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] • j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbs / Jofkf/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ • ljZjel/sf] cfly{s cj:yf dhj't kfg]{ / Jofkf/, nufgL, /f]huf/L / cfosf] j[l4 ug]{
WTO sf] l;4fGt 1. e]befj gug]{ • ;a} ;b:ox? clt ;f}ljB k|fKt b]z x'g](Most Favored Nation), • :jb]zL / ljb]zL j:t', ;]jf jf JoStL ;dfg dfGg] (National treatment), 2. eG;f/ afx]s cfoftdf cGo lgoGq0f jf k|ltaGw gnufpg]] (SPS/TBT kfO{g]_ 3. kf/bzL{tf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf k|d'v sfo{x? • ;Demf}tfx? nfu" u/fpg] • ljZj el/sf Jofkf/ ;DjGwL gLlt lgodx? kf/bzL{ agfpg] . • Aofkf/ ;DalGw gLltx?sf] ;ldIff ug]{ . • ;b:o /fi6«x? ljr Jofkf/ jftf{sf] nflu :yfg pknJw u/fpg] / ;xof]u ug]{ . • Jofkf/ ;DjGwL s'g} ljjfb p7]df To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ • k|flalws ;xfotfnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] sfo{If]q Jofks 5 • j:t' Aofkf/ • s[lif j:t', vfB j:t'sf] ;/;kmfO{, nQfsk8f, cf}wf]lus j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, cf}ifwL, cflb . • ;]jf If]q • j}+s, ljdf, ;+rf/, n]vf, lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, vfB k/LIf0f, cflb ;]jf Jofkf/ leq kb{5g\ • j}fl4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ • slk/fO{6, k]6]G6, 6] «8dfs{, afnLsf] hft, :yfgsf] ljz]ifsf] gfd cflb .
WTO sf ;Demf}tfx? • Final Act (2 pages) • Marrakesh Agreement establishing WTO • Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods • General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) • Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) • Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) • Agreement on Textiles and Clothing • Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM) • Agreement on Customs Valuations • Agreement on Rules of Origin • Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures • Marrakesh Protocol on Understandings to GATT • Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures • Agreement on Anti-dumping • Agreement on Safeguards • Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection • General Agreements on Trade in Services (GATS) • Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) • Dispute Settlements • Plurilateral Agreements -5fGg kfO{g]_ • Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft • Agreement on Government Procurement • Information Technology Agreement (Sectoral Initiatives)
s[lif;+u -a9L_ ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfx? s[lif;+u dfq ;DalGwt ! s[lif ;Demf}tf(AoA) -a:t' Aofkf/_ @ s[lif j:t'x?sf] z'4tf sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf(SPS) -a:t' Aofkf/_ s[lif;+u al9;DalGwt # Aofkf/sf] k|flalws /f]sfj6 ;DalGw ;Demf}tf(TBT) -a:t' Aofkf/_ $ ;]jf Aofkf/ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf (GATS) -;]jf Aofkf/_ % jf}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf (TRIPS) -j}fl4s ;DklQ Aofkf/_ cGo ;Demf}tfx?n] klg s'g} g s'g} ?kn] s[lif If]qnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .
! s[lif ;Demf}tf !=! s[lif If]qdf cg'bfg 36fpg] !=@ ahf/df kxF'r a9fpg] !=# lgof{tdf lbg] cg'bfg 36fpg]
!= s[lif ;Demf}tf!=! s[lif If]qdf cg'bfg 36fpg] < • g]kfnsf] s[lif cg'bfg sd 5 . 36fpg' kb}{g . • s[lif pTkfbg d"Nosf]] @) Ü -? &% cj{ _ ;Dd s[ifsnfO{ ;f]em} cg'bfg • ;fwg ;|f]t sd ePsf] s[ifsx?nfO{ hltklg cg'bfg lbg kfOG5 • k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cg';Gwfg, k|ljwL k|;f/ / u/La s[ifsnfO{ lbOg] cg'bfgdf s'g} /f]stf]s g} 5}g . • xfdL;+u ah]6sf] sldn] ubf{ dfq cg'bfg lbg g;s]sf] xf] . • hDdf s[lif / l;+rfO{sf] ah]6 g} ? & cj{ eGbf sd 5 . • wlg ;b:ox?n] s[lifdf lbO{Psf] cg'bfg 36fpg' k5{ .
!=@ ahf/df kxF'r a9fpg] • cfoftdf eG;f/ afx]s cGo s'g} k|ltjGw nufpg kfOb}g -SPS/TBT_ • tf]lsPsf] eGbf j9L eG;f/ nufpg kfO{b}g . • g]kfnn] s[lif j:t'df nufO{ cfPsf] eG;f/ ;/b/ sl/j !! Ü 5 . ca xfdLn] s[lif a:t'df ;/b/ $@Ü ;Dd eG;f/ nufpg kfO{g] 5 . • eG;f/ b/ a9fP/ cfGtl/s s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg ;lsg] 5 . • t/, låklIfo ;Demf}tfn] ubf{ ef/taf6 cfoft x'g] sRrf s[lif a:t'df eG;f/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf sfod} 5 . • s[lif ;'wf/ z'Ns x6fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 - @ b]lv !) aif{ leqdf_
ahf/df kxF'reG;f/ b/ / k|lt:kwf{ • :jb]zsf] ahf/df klg cfofltt a:t';+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 • cfGtl/s pTkfbgn] cfoft ;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf xfd|f sltko pTkfbgx? sd k|lt:klw{ x'g ;S5g\ . • To;}n] ljb]zL ahf/df klg k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 • cGt/fli6o Aofkf/ sl7g 5 c;Dej 5}g • WTO sf] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ afx]s cGo k|ltaGw nufpg gkfO{g] • eG;f/ klg tf]lsPs]fdf ga9\g] ul/ nufpg kb{5 . Tf]flsPsf] ceiling tnsf website df kfO{G5g\ . • http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/schedules_e/goods_schedules_e.htm • http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/acc_e.htm
!=# lgof{tdf lbg] cg'bfg 36fpg] < • wlg b]zx?n] lgo{ftdf cg'bfg lbgfn] s[lif a:t'sf] cGt/fli6o d"No 36]/ xfd|f s[ifsx?sf] k|l:klw{ Ifdtf sd ePsf] 5 . • ca tL b]zx?n] lgo{ft cg'bfg 36fpg' kb{5 . • t/, xfdLn] lgo{ftdf cg'bfg lbg] u/]sf] 5}g .
@= vfB s[lif j:t'x?sf] z'4tf ;DjGwL ;Demf}tf Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) • s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoft ubf{ xfd|f lj?jf, hgfj/ / dflg;sf] :Jff:Yo / hLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ eGG]f k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf j:t' k|ltjGw nufpg ;lsG5 . • o;/L k|ltjGw nufpgsf] nflu sfg"g, j:t'sf] hfFrsf] nflu bIf hgzlQm / /fd|f] k|of]uzfnfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . • s[lif j:t'sf] lgsf;L ubf{ klg o:tf gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ x'g' kb{5 • ljiffbLsf] cjz]if, kz' cf}ifwLsf] cjz]if, PG6Ljfof]l6S;, z'Id lhjf0f', ljls|/0f, /f]u ls/f cflbaf6 b]zsf lj?jf, kz'k+lIf Pj+ dfgjsf] arfj6 ug]{ .
SPS sf dfkb08x?sf] hfgsf/L • s] s:tf] pTkfbg ug]{, s;/L pTkfbg ug]{, s] s] k/LIf0f ug]{ / s] s:tf s'/fsf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ eGg] af/]df yfxf kfpg cfjZos 5 . • cfkm'n] pTkfbg / lgof{t ug{ rfx]sf] a:t'n] jg:ktL, kz'klIf jf dflg;sf] :j:ydf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ gkfg]{ ;DaGwdf SPS Enquiry Point nfO{ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . • ;a} ;b:ox?sf] SPS Enquiry Point sf] 7]ufgf, ;Dks{ gDa/, O{d]n cflb tnsf] website af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_e.htm#enquiry
SPS Enquiry Point Bangladesh Joint Secretary (ITO) Ministry of Commerce Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka Telephone: + (8802) 8619508 (Office) + (8802) 8110922 (Res) Telefax: + (8802) 8615741 E-mail: mincom@bdonline.com
SPS Enquiry Point China Research Centre for International Inspection and Quarantine Standards and Technical Regulations General Administration Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, P.R. China (AQSIQ) 7 Madian Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing Telephone: + (8610) 8226 2432/8226 2425 Telefax: + (8610) 8226 2449/8226 0620 E-mail: sps@aqsiq.gov.cn
Plant health or phytosanitary issues: Deputy Secretary (Shri Amand Shah) Plant Protection, Dep. of Agriculture & Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Krishi Bhavan New Delhi 110001 Telephone/Fax: + (91 11) 2338 9441 E-mail: amand@krishi.nic.in amandshah@hotmail.com SPS Enquiry Point India Food safety related issues: Assistant Director-General (PFA) (Dr. D. Chattopadhya) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Department of Health Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 110011 Telephone: + (91 11) 2306 2290 Telefax: + (91 11) 2306 1968 E-mail: adgpfa@nb.nic.in Animal health and related issues: Director (Trade) (Shri S. K. Srivastava) Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture Krishi Bhavan New Delhi 110001 Telephone: + (91 11) 2338 9212 Telefax: + (91 11) 2338 6115 E-mail: dircpc@hub.nic.in
SPS Enquiry Point Nepal Department of Food Technology and Quality Control Babarmahal Kathmandu Telephone: + (977 1) 426 2369/425 6947 Telefax: + (977 1) 426 2337 E-mail: dftqc@mail.com.np
#= Aofkf/df k|flalws ca/f]wx?Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) dflg;, kz' / lj?jfsf] :j:Yodf c;/ gk/] klg cGo u'0f:t/sf] sf/0fn] cfoftnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 / lgof{t klg /f]lsg ;S5 . • a:t'sf] u'0f:t/, gfk, tf}n, /ª • KoflsË, n]an nufpg] • pTkfbg ldlt, pkef]u ul/;Sg'kg]{ ldlt • pTkfbg u/]sf] tl/sf • pTkfbgn] jftfj/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efj, cflb .
cfkm'n] pTkfbg / lgof{t ug{ rfx]sf] a:t'sf] Tof] b]zsf] u'0f:t/ Koflsª n]alnª ;DaGwdf TBT Enquiry Point nfO{ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 • TBT Enquiry Point sf] 7]ufgf, ;Dks{ gDa/, O{d]n cflb tnsf] website af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_e/tbt_e.htm#enquiry_points
TBT Enquiry Point Bangladesh Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution (BSTI)Maan Bhaban116- A, Tejgaon Industrial AreaDhaka – 1208 — Bangladesh Tel: + (88) 02 882 14 62 Fax: + (88) 02 913 15 81 E-mail: bsti@bangla.net Website: http://www.bstibd.org Contact person: Mr. M Liaquat Ali
TBT Enquiry Point China Research Center for International Inspection and Quarantine Standards and Technical Regulations General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaNo. 7 Madian Donglu, Haidian DistrictBeijing 100088 — China Tel: + (86 10) 82 26 06 18 Fax: + (86 10) 82 26 24 48 E-mail: tbt@aqsiq.gov.cn
TBT Enquiry Point India International Relations & Technical Information Services DepartmentBureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan,9 Bahadur Shah Marg,New Delhi-11002 — India Telephones: + (91 11) 232 30 342 / 232 31 082 Fax: + (91 11) 232 39 399 Telex: (031)-65870- Answer Back 'BIS/IN' Website: http://www.bis.org.in E-mail id: info@bis.org.in Contact Person: Ms. Parminder Bajaj, Scientist 'F' & Head
TBT Enquiry Point Nepal Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM)P.O. Box No. 985, BalajuKathmandu Tel: + (977) 1 4356810 Fax: + (977) 1 4350689 E-mail: nbsm@nbsm.gov.np
Aofkf/ ;/nLs/0fsf k|of;x? (SPS/TBT) • SPS/TBT sf] sf/0fn] Aofkf/df cgfjZos ca/f]w x'g' x'‘Fb}g • Ps b]zsf] k/LIf0f k|df0fkq csf]{ b]zn] dfGotf (Mutual Recognition) lbg] . • b'O{ jf a9L b]zx? Pscfk;sf u'0f:t/ dfkb08 / k/LIf0f k|df0fkqx? ;dsIf (Equivalence) dfGg] . • ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 / k/LIf0fx? sf]8]S; sld6L, cGt/fli6«o kz'/f]u ;+:yf(OIE)/ cGt/fli6«o lj?jf ;+/If0f ;+:yf (IPPC)sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 / k/LIf0f ;+u ;d?k (Harmonization)ug]{ .
$ ;]jf Aofkf/ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf (GATS) s]lx ;]jfIf]qx? a}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu v'nf j}+s, ljdf, ;+rf/, n]vf, lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, vfB k/LIf0f, cflb #& ;]jfIf]qx? s[lif;+u vf; ;DalGwt ;]jfx? • kz' lrlsT;f ;]jf / • k|flalws k/LIf0f / lain]if0f ;]jf -df6f] k/LIf0f, vfB k/LIf0f_ • oL ;]jfdf a}b]lzs nufgL a9\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .
pTkfbgnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] • u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ -pTkfbg k|s[of / pTkfbg_ • k|dfl0fs/0f u/fpg] • pTkfbg nfut 36fpg] • k|ljlw ;'wf/, • a:t' klxrfg, • :jb]zL sRrf kbfy{ • pTkfbgsf] dfqf a9fpg] -pTkfbg, ;+sng, s/f/ v]tL_ • pTkfbs klxrfg x'g] u/L l/s8{ /fVg] • pTkfbs, Aofkf/Lsf] klxrfg / O{Hht a9fpg]
s'g} klg a:t'sf] lgo{ft ubf{ s'g} ;d:of kg{ ;S5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfox? vf]Hg' kb{5 . • lgof{t ubf{ s'g} sG;fO{gd]G6 /f]lsg uPdf To:tf] /f]Sg] lgsfo;+u lnlvt hafkm dfUg' kb{5 • Tof] hafkmdf pNn]v ul/Psf sfg"g, dfkb08 cflbsf] vf]hL u/L cBfog ug]{ u/fpg] • pSt sG;fO{gd]G6 /f]lsg gkg]{ sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL ug]{ • oL ;a} Aoxf]/f vf]nL ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] • of] laifo g]kfn ;/sf/n] hfoh 7x/fPdf ;DalGwt b]z;+u s'/f p7fpg] 5 . • ;DalGwt b]zn] xfd|f] hfoh dsf{nfO{ g;'g]df g]kfnn] WTO df d'2f xfNg ;Sg] 5 .
wlg b]zn] clt sd ljsl;t b]znfO{ ;'ljwfx? lbg' kg]{ • cNk ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ k|zf]wg k|ljlw, cg';Gwfg / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] nflu ;Nnfx, cg'bfg cflb lbP/ ;xof]u ug]{ . • cNk ljsl;t b]zx?af6 a:t' cfoft ug]{ b]zx?n] k|fljlws ;xof]u lbg] . • s'g} k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] s'/f cNkljsl;t b]zn] cg'/f]w u/]df s]xL ;dosf] nflu ljz]if 5'6 lbg] . • eG;f/ z"Go -(& k|ltzt a:t'df_
lgisif{ • ;b:o /fi6«x?sf] jhf/ v'Nnf • ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] lbg] lagf eG;f/ lagf sf]6fsf] ahf/ k|j]z • t/ lgof{t ubf{ jf]6 lj?jf, hgfj/ / dflg;sf] :jf:Yo Pj+ hLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ eGG]f kSsf x'g' k5{ . • lgof{t ubf{ jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ • cfoft ug]{ b]zn] tf]s]sf] plrt dfkb08x? k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . • lgisif{df eGg' kbf{ WTOdf g]kfnsf] k|j]zjf6 TotL 7"nf] s'g} ;d:of cfpg] b]lvb}g . o;jf6 kmfObf lng ;lsg] y'k|} ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . t/ kmfObf lngsf] nflu xfdLn] w]/} tof/Lx? ug{' kg]{ 5 .