Mislav Kukoč

1. Mislav Kukoč Liberal Democracy vs. Neo-liberal Globalization

2. Spajić-Vrkaš, V., Kukoč, M. i Bašić, S.:Interdisciplinary Dictionary: Education for Human Rights and Democracy “Globalization is a complex and controversial process of building of the world as a whole by creation of global institutional structures (…) and global cultural forms, i.e. the forms that have been produced or transformed by global available objects. It is declared as a) free market-economic unification of the world with uniform patterns of production and consumption; b) democratic integration of the world based on common interests of mankind such as equity, human rights protection, rule of law, pluralism, peace and security; c) moral integration of the World concerning some central humanistic values, important for sustainable development of humanity.” Spajić-Vrkaš, V., Kukoč, M. i Bašić, S. (2001) Obrazovanje za ljudska prava i demokraciju: interdisciplinarni rječnik, Zagreb: Hrvatsko povjerenstvo za UNESCO. (Interdisciplinary Dictionary: Education for Human Rights and Democracy: 178-179)

3. Wikipedia “Globalization refers to the worldwide phenomenon of technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure as well as the political choice to consciously open cross-border links in international trade and finance. It is a term used to describe how human beings are becoming more intertwined with each other around the world economically, politically, and culturally.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization

4. The International Monetary Fund Globalizationis “the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology”.

5. The International Forum on Globalization Globalization: “the present worldwide drive toward a globalized economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments.”

6. J. A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, New York: Palgrave, 2000 Globalization = • internationalization • liberalization • universalization • westernization or modernization • deterritorialization or a spread of supraterritoriality

7. Spajić-Vrkaš, V., Kukoč, M. i Bašić, S.:Interdisciplinary Dictionary: Education for Human Rights and Democracy Globalism is “a viewpoint, doctrine and/or ideology that promote the principle of interdependence and unity of the whole world, of all nations and states instead of a national and state particularism. Differentiating of similar notions of cosmopolitism that stresses the cultural identity of pre-national ‘citizen of the world’, and internationalism that promotes ideology of revolutionary brotherhood among the nations, idea of globalism is based on the post-national economic, informatical and intercultural planetary binding and interdependence. Behind the ideology of globalism can be hidden an intention of economic and cultural hegemony of the Western powers, as well as the proletarian or socialist internationalism had served as an ideological fig leaf for the Soviet i.e. Greater Russian hegemony over other nations from the Communist block.”

8. Neo-liberal globalization: • a dynamic whereby the social structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc) are spread the world over, destroying pre-existent cultural identity of the non-Western civilizations • the most important instrument of continuation of Western domination over the other civilizations from the rest of the World • hyper capitalism, an imperialism of McDonald’s (or ‘mcdonaldization’),Hollywood and CNN, neo-colonialism.

9. Neo-liberalism = libertarianism • Neoliberalism: policy orthodoxy in respect of globalization; unquestioned acceptance as ‘commonsense’ • Libertarianism: an individualist philosophical, political and economic doctrine (Robert Nozick, David Friedman, N. Rothbard) • market economy, private property, the ultimate individual sovereignty, the laissez-faireor minimal state • vs. limitations on movements between countries of money, goods, services and capital • the removal of state controls on prices, wages and foreign exchange rates • reductions of welfare guarantees

10. Liberal democracy of well-ordered society • The modern free democratic society - the rule of law; a government of laws and not of men • F. v. Hayek,The Constitution of Liberty: laws - Kantian test of universalizability –the application of the Kantian categorical imperative • American liberalism - the J. M. Keynes’ theory of the welfare state. • State democratic action in all welfare areas: pensions, unemployment insurance and medicine. • Ronald Dworkin: “affirmative action” programmes, in favour of the least advantaged groups are fully consonant with a general liberal philosophy that protects individual rights.

11. John Rawls:Political Liberalism § 1; Theory of Justice, § 46 Principles of justice as fairness in the “well-ordered society”, i.e. liberal-democratic society: a) Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; b) social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. • Similar European ideas of “social market economy”: Ludwig Erhard: “social liberalism” of the Freiburg schoolIdea of “regulated liberalism” - the principle of freedom in the market with social equilibrium.

12. Democracy and Globalization • 1. Globalization ↔ Democratization • 2. Liberal democracy → sovereign nation-state • 3. Globalization → non-national / supra-territorial institutions with transborder relations. • 4. Global democracy >–—< democratic state • →multilayered governance of local, regional and transworld bodies • →unofficial channels for global democracy: • global marketplace, • global communications • global civil society.

13. Globalization and Democracy: bright and dark side. • accelerated globalization (global mass media and suprastate governance agencies) have promoted democratisationall over the world(Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America; On the other hand, globalization • has transcended territory and thwarted state sovereignty; • undermined the democratic capacities of national governments; • states cannot tame the tyranny of global corporations; • global financial marketshave constrained the possibilities for democratization. • The territorialist state-centric nature of traditional liberal democracy is inadequate in contemporary world with supraterritorialsocial relations

14. Global democracy needs more than a democratic state: • In principle the growth of multilayered governance of local, regional and transworld bodies could be hopeful development for democracy that generally emphasizes decentralization, checks on power, pluralism and participation. • In practice, however, post-sovereign, decentralized governance induced by globalization has proved to be decidedly less democratic than national governance in a sovereign state. Not democratic progress, but rather democratic deficit: • non-competent, bribed, corrupted authorities on local or municipal level. • Suprastate democracy of regional and transworld regimes: EU and UN are more bureaucratic than democratic institutions. Globalization has opened space for democratic activity through unofficial channels (global marketplace, global communications, and global civil society) but its legitimating potentials are weakconcerning democratic credentials, participation, transparency and public accountability

15. Democratic control of globalization: The global governance? The Global Sustainable Development Resolution (Congresman B. Sanders, 1999) - democratic control over the global economy: “democracy at every level of government from the local to the global”. J. A. Scholte: vs. neo-liberalism and left radicalism, for ambitious democratic reform of globalization “a supraterritorial Keynesianism”, by enhancing: • human security :global enviromental codes, arms control, economic restructuring, financial regulations, labour standards; debt relief for poor countries, protection of cultural diversity; • socialjustice : suprastate anti-monopoly,global taxation /’Tobin tax’/ abolition of offshore finance / tax havens/, North-South redistribution, Gender sensitivity, vs. race, urban/rural and age hierarchies; • democracy : devolution to local government, popular consultations, representation of nonteritorial constituencies, transparency and control of suprastate governance, global civil society.

16. Hans Küng:Weltethos(AGlobal Ethic for Global Politics and Economics) • Globalization can and must be controlled: “globalization is not a natural phenomenon like an approaching weather front, in the face of which one is powerless.” • An uncontrolled world economy will finally lead to world chaos through global economic crisis. • Neo-Keynesian reform of globalization: better sooner, before the global crisis, than later, after the crisis. • Democracy – is to be understood ethically: not on the basis of a social contract (à la Thomas Hobbes), but as a social contract (in Kant’s sense) grounded in a basic consensus on universal human rights and responsibilities. • Conditio humana: Primacy of politics over the economy; the primacy of ethics over the economy and politics.

17. Hans Lenk: “Perspectives and Dimension of Globalization – With Special Regard to IT, Science and Economics”, Interim World Philosophy Congress, New Delhi, 2006. “Globalization of liberal economics should be accompanied by a clear conceptual analysis and a normative (socio-political and moral) requirement of a globalization of responsibility in order to protect the global future of humankind and global commons, i.e. global public goods, and to avoid secondary social traps stemming in part from the ideology of globalization nowadays publicly utilized by corporations and neo-liberal market economists.”

18. Ingomar Hauchler: Weltordnungspolitik – Chanse oder Utopie? Thesen an Steuerbarkeit globaler Entwicklung Central tasks of global policy to prevent global chaos and crisis as a consequence of uncontrolled globalization: • The creation of an international competitive order. • Link between the international flow of financing and the real economic goals of growth and employment. • Social security as a protection against the growing structural discarding which the globalized economy has intensified. • A balance between the drastic economic and social differences among the regions of the world. • Internationalization of the mounting social and ecological costs which accrue from economic globalization. • A legalized international order which puts a stop to the excessive consumption of non-renewable resources.

19. Improvement of global democracy and rule of law: • Increase local government involvement in global policies; • establish mechanisms for the representation of nonterritorial constituencies; • establish efficient democratic elected suprastate government; • increase monitoring of suprastate governance by elected regional, state and substate bodies; • improve transparency of suprastate governance; Who can realize a policy of global governance?