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How did the Earth form?

How did the Earth form?. What processes were involved? When did it happen? How long did it take? How do we know?. How do stars form?. The Nebular Hypothesis. Observations. Stars can be seen in various stages of formation.

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How did the Earth form?

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  1. How did the Earth form? • What processes were involved? • When did it happen? • How long did it take? • How do we know?

  2. How do stars form? The Nebular Hypothesis

  3. Observations • Stars can be seen in various stages of formation. • Stars seem to have been forming continuously since the formation of the Universe. • Star formation continues today. • Observations synthesized into the Nebular Hypothesis.

  4. Our Sun: an exampleof stellar evolution • Our Sun began as a nebula, approximately 5 billion years ago. • A nebula is an enormous cloud of gasses (mainly Hydrogen) and dust • Nebula may become disturbed by shock waves, for example from a nearby supernova.

  5. Example of a nebula

  6. Nebula begins to contract • As the molecules of gas and dust move closer together, they experience stronger gravitational attraction. • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation • Fg = g(m1m2)/d2 • Most mass concentrates at the center as the nebula contracts.

  7. Nebula begins to take a more definite shape.

  8. Shape becomes spherical with equatorial disk

  9. Will a star form? • If mass is sufficient, gravity at the center of the sphere may be great enough to “squash” atoms together. • 4 H atoms are fused to form 1 He atom in a nuclear reaction (not chemical). • Nuclear reaction is nuclear fusion, which releases tremendous energy. • A star is born!

  10. Products of fusion • H is fused to form He • He is fused to form C and other, heavier chemical elements. • Heavier elements are recycled into new nebulae, and/or new stars and planets. • Implication?

  11. Heavy Elements • Since all elements heavier than H are produced by fusion in stars, • We are made of Stardust !!!

  12. Summary: Nebular Hypothesis

  13. So what happened to the disk? • The disk that surrounds the central star may • 1) be swallowed as the star initially expands. • 2) remain as a disk or a series of rings • 3) may form planets that orbit the central star.

  14. Our Solar System • Sun began to radiate energy about 5 billion years ago. • Surrounding disk condensed into 8 planets, an asteroid belt and other objects. • Earth is one of those eight planets. • Earth condensed approximately 4.6 billion years ago.

  15. Evidence of Age of the System • Oldest Earth rock: 3.98 Ga Acasta Gneiss • Oldest Earth minerals: 4.4 Ga • Chemistry of the Sun and rate of fusion • Age of oldest Moon Rocks: 3.3 - 4.2 Ga • Age of Meteorites: 4.5 Ga

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