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ACE-Asia 2001: Aerosol-Radiation Interactions

Overview of the ACE-Asia Spring 2001 investigations on aerosol-radiation interactions in the Eastern Asia and Northwest Pacific region. Measurements were conducted on land, ships, aircraft, and satellites to determine the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols and quantify their interactions with radiation. Regional assessments of aerosol radiative forcing were also carried out. This presentation reviews the initial findings and areas for further improvement.

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ACE-Asia 2001: Aerosol-Radiation Interactions

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  1. Overview of ACE-Asia Spring 2001 Investigations on Aerosol-Radiation Interactions P. B. Russell1, P. J. Flatau2,3, F. P. J. Valero2, T. Nakajima4, B. Holben5, P. Pilewskie1, M. Bergin6, B. Schmid7, R. W. Bergstrom7, A. Vogelmann2, B. Bush2, J. Redemann7, S. Pope2, J. Livingston8, S. Leitner2, N. C. Hsu9, J. Wang10, J. Seinfeld10, D. Hegg11, P. Quinn12, and D. Covert11 1NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA2University of California, San Diego, CA3Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA6Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 5NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 4University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN 7Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, CA 8SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 10California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 9GEST/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 11University of Washington, Seattle, WA12NOAA/PMEL OCRD, Seattle, WA IGAC/CACGP Atmospheric Chemistry Conference 18-25 September 2002 Hersonissos, Heraklion, Crete, GREECE

  2. ACE-Asia 2001 3 Goals, greatest emphasis on first 2 1. Determine the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of the major aerosol types in the Eastern Asia and Northwest Pacific region and investigate the relationships among these properties. 2.Quantify the interactions between aerosols and radiation in the Eastern Asia and Northwest Pacific region 3. Quantify the physical and chemical processes controlling the evolution of the major aerosol types and in particular of their physical, chemical, and radiative properties. P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  3. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Land - Ship - Aircraft - Satellites } Regional assessment of aerosol radiative forcing • Analyses still in progress (e.g., JGR section). • We have gone end-to-end to get a first-cut regional forcing assessment. • I’ll show that assessment & then indicate what needs to be done to improve it. P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  4. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Land -- AERONET retrievals, 13 sites: China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan [Holben, Lu et al.] -- Composition & SSA, Amami Island, Japan [Ohta] -- Radiative Fluxes, Yulin, China [Bergin et al.] -- Radiative Fluxes, Kosan, Korea [Valero et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  5. AERONET--Beijing example from 13 sites in China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan [Holben, Lu et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  6. AERONET--Beijing example from 13 sites in China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan dV/dlnR (mm3/mm2) Radius (mm) [Holben, Lu et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  7. AERONET--Beijing example from 13 sites in China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan [Holben, Lu et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  8. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Land -- AERONET retrievals, 13 sites: China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan [Holben, Lu et al.] -- Composition & SSA, Amami Island, Japan [Ohta] -- Radiative Fluxes, Yulin, China [Bergin & Xu] -- Radiative Fluxes, Kosan, Korea [Valero et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  9. PAR Sensors, Yulin, China [M. Bergin & J. Xu] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  10. Comparison of the Modeled (TUV(NCAR)) and Measured Downward PAR Values • PAR: Photosynthetically Active Radiation (400 – 700 nm) • The model underestimates measured PAR by ~2%. • Model results are based on measured single scattering albedo () and Aerosol optical depth (500) at each data point, asymmetry factor (g) = 0.8, surface albedo (s) = 0.3. [M. Bergin & J. Xu] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  11. Estimation of the 24-h Mean Aerosol Radiative Forcing Efficiency in Yulin 24-h mean aerosol radiative forcing, W m-2 • Calculated 24-h mean aerosol radiative forcing efficiency for PAR (400 – 700 nm) and total solar radiation (TSR, 0.2 – 4.0 mm) at surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) on 4 / 15 / 2001 (single scattering albedo  = 0.93 , asymmetry factor g = 0.8, surface albedo s = 0.3). [M. Bergin & J. Xu] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  12. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Ship -- AOD along cruise[Markowicz, Flatau et al.] -- In situ Scat, Abs, SSA[Quinn et al.] -- Aerosol longwave effects from FTIR [Vogelmann, Flatau et al.] -- Ocean surface reflectance[Mitchell et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  13. Aerosol Optical Depth Measured by Solar Photometry Aboard RV Ron Brown Mar 16 Mar 26 Apr 5 Apr 15 Sea of Japan to Yokosuka Hachijo to Sea of Japan l= 500 nm Hawaii to Hachijo Aerosol Optical Depth Markowicz, Flatau et al. JulianDay P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  14. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Ship -- AOD along cruise[Markowicz, Flatau et al.] -- In situ Scat, Abs, SSA[Quinn et al.] -- Aerosol longwave effects from FTIR [Vogelmann, Markowicz et al.] -- Ocean surface reflectance[Mitchell et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  15. Aerosol Single-Scattering Albedo From in situ scattering & absorption aboard RV Ron Brown Single Scattering Albedo, D aero < 10 mm wo (18 m asl, 330 nm, 55% RH) Very Polluted Very Polluted with Dust Marine [Quinn et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  16. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Ship -- AOD along cruise[Markowicz, Flatau et al.] -- In situ Scat, Abs, SSA[Quinn et al.] -- Aerosol longwave effects from FTIR [Vogelmann, Markowicz et al.] -- Ocean surface reflectance[Mitchell et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  17. Longwave Radiance Measured by FTIR Aboard RV Ron Brown 10mm Vogelmann, Markowicz, Szczodrak, Flatau, Minnett P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  18. Vogelmann, Markowicz, Szczodrak, Flatau, Minnett P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  19. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Aircraft -- Vertical dependence of: AOD(l) [Livingston, Redemann, Schmid et al.] Composition [Wang et al.] Size [Wang et al.] Scatt. & Abs. [Masonis, Anderson, et al.; Hegg et al.] Hygroscopicity [Clarke et al.] Radiative Flux(l) [Pilewskie et al., Pope, Valero et al.] -- Closure among the above [many authors] -- Aerosol absorption from radiative flux profiles [Pilewskie et al.] -- Horizontal gradients of AOD and Rad Flux [Redemann, Pilewskie, Pope, Valero, et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  20. Twin Otter research flight 11, April 17, 2001 33ºN 128ºE, West of Kyusyu Island BL=Boundary layer PL=Pollution layer FT= Free troposphere Wang et al. [2002] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  21. Aerosol Optical Depth & Extinction Profiles From AATS-14 on Twin Otter, 4/17/2001 2.2- 3.4 km 0.6-2.2 km 0.09-0.6 km Schmid et al. P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  22. Chemical Composition and size distributions, flight 11, April 17, 2001 Wang et al. [JGR 2002] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  23. Wang, Schmid, et al. [JGR 2002] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  24. Averaged aersol extinction (1/km) 0. Free Troposphere Pollution Layer Boundary Layer Wang, Schmid, et al. [JGR 2002] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  25. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Aircraft -- Vertical dependence of: AOD(l) [Livingston, Redemann, Schmid et al.] Composition [Wang et al.] Size [Wang et al.] Scatt. & Abs. [Masonis, Anderson, et al.; Hegg et al.] Hygroscopicity [Clarke et al.] Radiative Flux(l) [Pilewskie et al., Pope, Valero et al.] -- Closure among the above [Redemann et al. poster] -- Aerosol absorption from radiative flux profiles [Pilewskie et al.] -- Horizontal gradients of AOD and Rad Flux [Redemann, Pilewskie, Pope, Valero, et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  26. C-130 PBL AOD Comparison l=550 nm AOD from Neph + PSAP AOD from AATS-6 Airborne Sunphotometer P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  27. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Aircraft -- Vertical dependence of: AOD(l) [Livingston, Redemann, Schmid et al.] Composition [Wang et al.] Size [Wang et al.] Scatt. & Abs. [Masonis, Anderson, et al.; Hegg et al.] Hygroscopicity [Clarke et al.] Radiative Flux(l) [Pilewskie et al., Pope, Valero et al.] -- Closure among the above [many authors, e.g. Redemann et al. poster] -- Aerosol absorption from radiative flux profiles [Pilewskie et al.] -- Horizontal gradients of AOD and Rad Flux [Redemann, Pilewskie, Pope, Valero, et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  28. 2000 m Downwelling Flux: F Upwelling Flux: F Net Flux: F- F Flux Divergence (absorption): (F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m Fractional absorption: [(F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m]/ F2000m 43 m P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  29. Pilewskie, Bergstrom, Schmid et al. P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  30. Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum Derived from measured flux and AOD spectra Single scattering albedo Bergstrom,Pilewskie, Schmid et al. Wavelength, nm P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  31. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Satellites -- SeaWiFS imagery [NASA/GSFC ORBIMAGE] -- SeaWiFS retrievals: standard & advanced [Hsu et al., Higurashi et al..] -- SeaWiFS validation [Schmid, Redemann et al.] -- MISR imagery and validation, etc. [Kahn, Schmid, Redemann et al.] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  32. 12 Apr 2001 SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC ORBIMAGE P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  33. SeaWiFS Aerosol Optical Depth l=510 nm AATS-14 on Twin Otter N. C. Hsu, UMBC/NASA P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  34. Schmid, Hsu et al. P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  35. ta(l,x,y,z,t) wa(l,x,y,z,t) ba(l,x,y,z,t) As(l,x,y,m0) Combine Satellite and Suborbital Data Regional Assessment of Aerosol Radiative ForcingNorth Pacific, 20°-55° N Needs Approach P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  36. ta(l)/ta(865 nm): Models constr. by Sat. & Sunphot. ta(z): A/C, Lidar Meas (dust above pollution) wa(z,l): A/C Meas, Models ba(l,m0): Size distributions: sunphot & in situ meas As(m0): models Regional Assessment of Aerosol Shortwave Radiative ForcingNorth Pacific, 20°-55° N Satellite:ta(865 nm,x,y,t) Suborbital (ACE-Asia) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 SeaWiFS, April 2001 C. Hsu retrieval P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  37. Aerosol Vertical Profiles Assumed for Forcing Calculations tdust /tpoll adjusted to make amodel= aSeaWiFS P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  38. DFnet, TOA Flux change, W m-2 DF, Surface Over ocean, 24-h avg April, 34° N, No clouds Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm Calculated Aerosol Shortwave Forcing vs Optical Depth Ratio, DF, Surface =2to3 DFnet, TOA Dust Pollution Larger over land [Bergstrom] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  39. Regional Assessment of Aerosol Shortwave Radiative ForcingNorth Pacific, 20°-55° N Satellite + Suborbital: Satellite: 0 -20 -40 -60 Downward Flux Change at Surface (W m-2) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 SeaWiFSta(865 nm) April 2001, C. Hsu retrieval 24-h avg, dust (wa=0.95) over pollution (wa=0.90), no clouds. [Bergstrom] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  40. Conclusions • This sampling of results indicates how ACE-Asia’s measurements from land, sea, air & space are being used to get a first-cutregional assessment of aerosol direct radiative forcing. •Journal papers mainly still in preparation. E.g., >100 titles listed for JGR special section. •Much remains to be done--What’s most important? P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  41. What’s Next? •Continued analyses of suborbital data (including closure tests) to reduce error bars on aerosol intensive radiative properties [SSA(l), g(l)]: -- Dust vs Pollution vs Mixed -- Vertical distributions • Continued tests of satellite retrievals (esp. advanced SeaWiFS & new sensors like MODIS & MISR) to get the best regional map of AOD(l), g(l), aerosol type, SSA(l) • Continued tests of CTMs, especially vertical distributions by aerosol type P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  42. What’s Next? (cont’d) •Incorporate cloud effects into direct radiative forcing estimates - Cloud-filter effects on satellite retrievals of AOD, aerosol type. - Effect of clouds above & below aerosols on direct aerosol forcing • Extend satellite retrievals and forcing calculations over land • Treat ocean surface reflectance(x,y,l) more accurately, using ship measurements • Aerosol indirect effects P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  43. l=550 nm P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  44. l=550 nm P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  45. l=550 nm P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  46. Aerosol type analysis with SeaWiFS data APEX, ACE-Asia 15 April 2001 P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  47. Monthly mean aerosol type classfication by SeaWiFS Higurashi (2001) P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  48. ACE-Asia 2001 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions • Measurements - Land -- AERONET retrievals, 13 sites: China, S. Korea, Taiwan, Japan [Holben, Lu et al.] -- Composition & SSA, Amami Island, Japan [Ohta] -- Radiative Fluxes, Yulin, China [Bergin et al.] -- Radiative Fluxes, Kosan, Korea [Bush & Valero] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  49. Dust events of 10 and 11-16 April at Amami S. Ohta [2001] P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

  50. 13 Apr 2001 02:42 & 04:49 UTC? SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC ORBIMAGE http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?7924 P. Russell et al., IGAC/CACGP Atmos Chem, Crete, 18-25 Sep 2002

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