Cost-Effective Interventions for Juvenile Offenders

1. Cost-Effective Interventions for Juvenile Offenders Dr. Peter W. Greenwood Academy of Experimental Criminology Association for the Advancement of Evidence-Based Practice University of California at Irvine VisionQuest Greenwood & Associates

2. The Good News • There are proven program strategies and models that consistently improve outcomes, when implemented correctly • They cover full range of child development • Several pay for themselves, many times over, in reduced corrections costs

3. What Works • Functional Family Therapy (FFT) • Multi-systemic Therapy (MST) • Treatment Foster Care (TFC) • Nurse-Family Partnerships (NFP) • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) • Aggression Replacement Training (ART) • Program Accountability (QA)

5. 2005 Legislative Direction(ESSB 6094): • “Study options to stabilize futureprison populations.” • “Study the net short-run and long-runfiscal savingsto state and local governmentsof implementing… • evidence-basedtreatment human service and corrections programs and policies, including prevention and intervention programs, • sentencingalternatives, • and the use of risk factors in sentencing.” • “Project total fiscal impactsunder alternative implementation scenarios.” WSIPP published report in October, 2006 2 of 7

6. United States Forecast for WA Washington Adult Prison Incarceration Rates: 1930 to2005 *Incarceration Rate 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 *The incarceration rate is defined as the number of inmates in state prisons per 1,000 18- to 49-year-olds in Washington or the United States. 3 of 7

7. ? Percent Change Since 1980 $ $ $ +100% $ $ $ ? $ +80% $ Taxpayer Costs Are Up (Inflation-Adjusted Criminal Justice Dollars Per Household) $ $ +60% $ $ $ +40% $ $ ? $ $ $ $ $ $ +20% $ $ $ 0% -20% Crime Rates Are Down (Violent and Property Crimes Reported to Police, Per 1,000 People) ? -40% 2010 2015 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Crime Rates and Taxpayer Costs In 1980, taxpayers spent $589 per household on the Criminal Justice System. Today they spend $1,125: a 91% increase. In 2005, crime rates were 26% lower than they were in 1980. All Data are for Washington State: 1980 to 2005 4 of 7

8. Results for Three Example Portfolios of Evidence-Based Options Prison Supply & Demand in Washington: 2008 to 2030 Prison Beds 30,000 Current Prison Bed Forecast 28,000 Current Level Portfolio “Moderate” Expansion Portfolio 26,000 “Aggressive” Expansion Portfolio 24,000 3 2 prison shortfall 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 0 0 2008 2008 2010 2010 2012 2012 2014 2014 2016 2016 2018 2018 2020 2020 2022 2022 2024 2024 2026 2026 2028 2028 2030 2030 30,000 CFC prison forecast and WSIPP extension 28,000 Forecast with Current Level Portfolio Forecast with Moderate Implementation Portfolio Forecast with Aggressive Implementation Portfolio 26,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000 Existing Prison Supply Existing Prison Supply & Rented Jail Beds & Rented Jail Beds 16,000 Taxpayer Summary Statistics Current Level Moderate Aggressive Annual cost of portfolio $41 million $63 million $85 million Long-run benefits minus costs $1.1 billion $1.7 billion $2.4 billion $2.45 $2.60 $2.55 Benefit-to-cost ratio Return on investment 24% 27% 28% 6 of 7 Crime Rate in 2020 (2005 rate = 52) 48 48 49

9. Evidence-Based Programs, Crime Outcomes What does this mean? Answer: Without the Drug Court, an adult offender has a 43% chance of recidivating with a new felony within 8 years; with the Drug Court, the odds drop to about 38%. This finding is based on 57 rigorous studies conducted throughout the United States. What does this mean? Answer: The reduction in recidivism generates $5,640 per participant in benefits to taxpayers (reduced future criminal justice costs) and crime victims (reduced victimization). Drug Courts cost $4,245 more per person than regular court processing (court costs, treatment). Expected Change In Crime (# of EB Studies) Benefits minus Costs (per-person, life cycle) Selected Results Adult Offenders Cog-Behavioral Treatment-6.3% (25) $10,299 Education Prms., Prison-7.0% (17) $10,669 Drug Tx in Prison (TC or out-patient)-5.7% (20) $7,835 Adult Drug Courts-8.0% (57) $4,767 ISP: surveillance-0.0% (23) -$3,747 ISP: treatment-17.1% (11) $11,563 Juvenile Offenders Functional Family Thpy.-15.9% (7) $31,821 Family Int. Transitions-13.0% (1) $40,545 Aggression Repl. Trng.-7.3% (4) $14,660 Restorative Justice (low risk)-8.7% (21) $7,067 Prevention Pre-School* (low income)-14.2% (8) $12,196 Nurse Family Partnership*-36.3% (2) $27,105 Electronic Monitoring*-0.0% (9) $870 Some Things Work, Some Don’t…Be a Smart Investor! Why Focus on Juveniles? 73% of Adults in Washington’s Prisons have been in Washington’s Juvenile Justice System

10. What does this mean for Connecticut • State has been leader in implementing E-B programs • Evidence suggests these investments have high pay-off • But these programs are not available to youth at highest risk

11. For further information • Greenwood, P.W., Changing Lives:Delinquency Prevention as Crime Control Policy,, University of Chicago Press (2006) • Greenwood, P. W. Promising Solutions in Juvenile Justice in Dishion, T. and K. Dodge (eds.) Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth, Guilford Press (2006) • www.greenwoodassociates.org • peter.greenwood@sbcglobal.net • www.wsipp.org