1 / 35

Unit Two Review

Unit Two Review . Chapters 4-6. Culture . Habit – a repetitive act that a particular individual performs EX :wearing jeans to class everyday

lis
Download Presentation

Unit Two Review

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit Two Review Chapters 4-6

  2. Culture • Habit – a repetitive act that a particular individual performs • EX :wearing jeans to class everyday • Custom – a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group- EX: American University students wearing jeans to class everyday • A habit that has been widely adopted by a group of people. • The combination of three things: • Values & Beliefs • Language • Religion • Ethnicity • Material artifacts • Visible objects that a group possesses and leaves behind for the future • Political institutions • Maintain values • Protect artifacts

  3. Material Culture • Two basic categories: folk and popular culture • Folk culture • Traditionally practiced by small, isolated, homogeneous groups in rural areas • Popular culture • Characterized by large, heterogeneous groups of people who share common habits despite differences in other personal characteristics • Popular culture varies more in time than place • Geographers are interested in two aspects of culture: • Where cultures are located in space • How cultures interact with the environment

  4. I. Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse? A. Processes of Origin • Origin of folk and popular cultures a. Hearth = center of innovation b. Folk culture = hearth area; originators are usually unknown c. Popular culture = hearth area comes from more developed countries (MDCs) • People in MDCs have disposable income and leisure time that allow for these innovations • Ex: Fast food & music • Industrial Technology = permits the uniform reproduction of objects in large quantities 2. Origin of folk and popular music a. Folk music characteristics i. Tells a story or recounts important life events or activities ii. Is personal in nature • Anonymous and passed down orally through generations • Tell a story or relay information

  5. B. Diffusion of folk and popular culture 1. Folk culture diffuses slowly, primarily through migration, and at a small scale • Example: Diffusion of Amish culture 2. Popular culture diffuses rapidly, via hierarchical diffusion, and over a large scale through electronics • Example: Sports A. Influence of the physical environment 1. Folk culture = close connection to the environment = limited tech + agr. eco. b. Food taboos may be especially strong • People avoid certain foods because of negative associations with that food >> concern for natural environment • Choices made according to the environment, availability of products • Soybeans: common in Asia, lengthy cooking required but Asians don’t have a lot of fuel, so they have foods made from soybean that doesn’t require a lot of cooking iii. but people also have food habits that are influenced by cultural traditions > Hebrews – Muslims – Hindu = no pork c. Terroir = the sum effects of the local environment on a particular food item

  6. B. Isolation promotes cultural diversity • Himalayan art • Choices of paintings = folk culture mirrors religious and individual views of env. i. Buddhists – North – bizarre = inhospitable env. ii. Hindus – South – deity in domestic scene = violent & extreme climatic cond. iii. Muslims – West – beautiful plants & flowers = faith prohibits displaying animate objects iv. Animists – Southeast Asia – symbols = religion * Shows how folk customs are influenced by cultural institutions & environment

  7. IV. Why Does Popular Culture Cause Problems? 1. Threats to folk culture • Loss of traditional values i. Clothing : Western Business Suit - Symbol of authority and leadership - Middle East switch to suits to show friendship with U.S. - Fundamentalist Muslims = women should wear traditional clothing ii. Role of Women - Change in Role of Women  threatens subservience >women are not educated they are victims > globalization has lead to an increase in legal equality, but it has also increased prostitution ** women considered equal in developed areas but objects in lesser developed.

  8. B. Media imperialism • i. Three MDCs = U.S. , U.K. & Japan : dominate the tv industry in LCDs • ii. dominance of popular customs as a threat to independence • - new method of economic & cultural imperialism • iii. presenting American beliefs and values that conflict with traditional social customs • - upward social mobility • - relative freedom for women • - glorification of youth • - stylized violence • iv. Western Control of News Media • - LDCs fear the effects of the news media • > criticize freedom of press • > argue that the American version of news is not an accurate portrayal of their country • C. Satellites • Stops the government control of information • - channels from other countries can be seen • - Asian governments put a ban and fines on citizens owning satellite dishes

  9. Language Family Tree Figure 5-17

  10. 2. Environmental impact of popular culture • Modifying nature i. Impose on the env. rather than coming from it - Golf courses > create hills, carting in sand, bodies of H2O, ect. - Uniform landscapes > spatial expression of a pop. custom in one location to another > “product recognition” ex: Fast Food, gas stations, motels, ect. B. Negative impacts • Increased demand for natural resources • large amounts of animals for a particular fashion, etc • Unbalances eco- systems • Increased meat consumption > 2.2 pounds of beef sold 22 pounds of grain(feed) > question? – large % of world pop. undernourished ii. Pollution - high volume of waste ***We can control the damage we are causing, but a commitment of time and money must me made.***

  11. I. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?A. Origin and Diffusion1. 1/2 billion people speak it fluently 2. Official language in 57 countries 3. Coloniesa. Diffused 17c. i. 1st Jamestown, VA(1607) ii. Plymouth, MA(1620) b. England defeated France – 18c. c. U.S. & Canada splitd. British  Ireland, S. Asia, S. Pacific, S. Africa(17-18c.) e. Recent – U.S.  Philippines

  12. Dialects of English • Dialect = a regional variation of a language • Isogloss = a word-usage boundary • Standard language = a well-established dialect • Dialects • In England • Differences between British and American English a. Vocab and spelling i. Isolation makes them different ii. Vocabulary is different because the settlers had to name new objects and experiences • Native Americans influenced the language iii. Spelling is different because of feelings of independence • Webster wanted to develop a unique American dialect of English b. Pronunciation i. Changed more in England than the US ii. a and r are pronounced in the U.S. closer to the way they were pronounced in Britain in the 17c. iii. Americans do not speak “proper” English bc when colonists left England “proper” English was not what it is today.

  13. Origin and diffusion of English.Main Ideas English is not the most commonly spoken language but is the most widely spoken. Its present distribution is largely the result of the British colonial empire. English originated in England as a mixture of languages spoken by Germanic-speaking invaders. Later invasions of Vikings and Normans further transformed the language.

  14. Dialects of EnglishMain Ideas Mutually understandable yet different through variations in vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, dialects often form when groups are separated from one another. Examples include dialects within England, American and British English, and dialects within the United States.

  15. A. Language • Language Family = collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history. • Language Branch = collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousands years ago. • Differences not as extensive • Archaeological evidence can confirm • Language Group collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the recent past and display few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

  16. B. Indo-European (Family) = eight branches (Albanian, Armenian, Greek, Celtic) 1. Four branches have a large number of speakers: a. Germanic NW Europe + NA b. Indo-Iranian = South Asia c. Balto-Slavic = E. Europe d. Romance = SW Europe + Latin America • Indo – European (Family) Germanic (Branch) West Germanic (Group)  English

  17. Classification of languages • Indo-European = the largest language family • 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language • Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family • 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language • Mandarin = the most used language in the world • Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia • Afro-Asiatic • Arabic = most widely spoken • Altaic • Turkish = most widely spoken • Uralic • Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish • African language families • Extensive linguistic diversity • 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialects • Niger-Congo • 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language • Nilo-Saharan • Khoisan • “Click” languages

  18. G. Origin and diffusion of Indo-European 1. A “Proto-Indo-European” language? = single common ancestral language? • Internal evidence i. Derived from the physical attributes of words themselves 1. Ex: beech, oak, bear, deer, ect. have common roots 2. Ex : common root : winter + snow but not ocean = PIE speakers lived in cold climate not near oceans b. Linguists + Anthro. disagree where and when originated + diffusion i. warfare + conquest vs. peaceful sharing of food c. Sedentary farmer theory d. Nomadic warrior theory

  19. Nomadic Warrior Theory • One hypotheses of the language family’s origin is the Nomadic Warrior Thesis : the language originated with and was separated by the Kurgans, a people of central Asia (Russia/Kazakhstan) • Earliest archaeological evidence 4300 B.C. • Nomadic herders = migrated search grasslands for domesticated cattle and horses. Figure 5-14

  20. Figure 5-15 Sedentary Farmer Theory Germanic Kurgans Slavic Celtic Romania Romance Greek Colin Renfrew • An alternative theory was that the language originated with agricultural people from Anatolia, present – day Turkey • 2,000 years before Kurgans

  21. 4. Multilingual states • a. Difficulties arise at the boundary between two languages • i. Belgium  South(Walloons) French, North(Flemings) Dutch/Flemish • - Divides the country, economic and political differences • Two independent regions • Each elects an assembly that controls cultural affairs • Want to have two separate countries • - Brussels is officially bilingual • ii. Switzerland • Peacefully exists with four official languages • (1) German • (2) French • (3) Italian • (4) Romansh • Decentralized government • Local authorities hold most of the power • 5. Isolated languages • Not attached to any language family • i. Lack of interaction with speakers of other languages • Basque Spain and France • Survived from period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers • Reflects isolation by mountainous homeland • Icelandic  changed less than any other Germanic branch • i. Did not have interaction with other languages so little change occurred

  22. B. Global Dominance of English • 1. Language of international communication • a. Lingua Franca • i. Pidgin Language  simplified form, no native speakers, spoken in addition to native language • 2. Swahili, Hindi, Indonesian and Russian also lingua franca • 3. English is growing because: • a. Taught as a second language • b. Expansion diffusion • i. Past = Migration + conquest • - Latin = Roman Empire • - English = British Empire • ii. Snowball effect • - idea rather than relocation • iii. Spreading through new vocab, spelling, and pronunciation • iv. Fusing with other languages • v. Common Usage + Ethnic dialects • - Ebonics (ebony + phonics) + Appalachian • (1) controversial = substandard vs. regional identity • -Franglais (Francais + Anglais)  trying to protect French, Quebec (Quebecois) • - Spanglish  widespread due to popular culture • (1) Cubonics • - Denglish ( Deutsch)  German

  23. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Seek to appeal to all people • Branches  large and fundamental division within a religion • Denomination  division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body • Sect  relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination • Ethnic religions • Appeal to a smaller group of people living in one place

  24. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Christianity • The largest world religion (about 2 billion adherents) • Many adherents in Europe, the Americas • Three major branches • Roman Catholicism (51 percent) • Protestant Christianity (24 percent) • Eastern Orthodox (11 percent) • Other, smaller branches of Christianity comprise 14 percent of all Christians

  25. Universalizing religions • Islam “Submission to the will of God” • The second-largest world religion (about 1.3 billion adherents) • Significant clusters in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia - Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India = 50% of Muslims • Adherent = Muslim = “one who surrenders to God” • Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars • Two significant branches • Sunnis (83 percent) • Shias or Shiites (16 percent) • North America and Europe • Increased recently - 5% in Europe • France has largest because of colonization • US  3 to 4 million, Black Muslims • EligahMuhammad - Clashed with MalcomX • Divided sect – 1960s

  26. Other Universalizing Religions Sikhism and Baha’i • Universalizing religions • Buddhism • About 400 million adherents (difficult to quantify) • Significant clusters in China, Southeast Asia • The Four Noble Truths • Three branches • Mahayana (China, Japan, Korea) • Theravada (Southeast Asia) • Tantrayana (Tibet, Mongolia)

  27. Ethnic religions • Hinduism • The third-largest religion in the world (900 million adherents) • 97 percent of Hindus are found in India • Many paths to spirituality • No central authority, no holy book • Up to the individual how to worship • Other ethnic religions • Confucianism (China)  ethical principles for daily life in China • Daoism (China)  Chinese, seek the way or the path • Shinto (Japan)  Japan, forces of nature are divine • Judaism (today: the United States, Israel) 6 million in the US, 4 in Israel, 2 in USSR, 2 million elsewhere • The first monotheistic religion • Roots of Christianity and Islam • Jesus was a Jew and Muhammad an ancestor of Abraham • Old testament is a history of Jewish people • Ethnic African religions • Animism inanimate objects have spirits and conscious life • Little is known, oral tradition, no written holy books • Africa is now 50% Christian and 40% Muslim, rapid decline

  28. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of religions • Universalizing: precise origins, tied to a specific founder • Christianity • Founder: Jesus • Hearth in Palestine • Relocation diffusion with missionaries • Spread through Roman Empire through contagious diffusion • Believers intowns coming into contact with nonbelievers in the countryside, called Pagans from the Latin word “countryside” • Emperor Constantine embraced Christianity in the 4th Century • Hierarchical diffusion • Continued to spread through intermarriage, missionaries, colonization, and immigration.

  29. Islam • Prophet of Islam: Muhammad • Muhammed’s successors organized followers into armies • Southeastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa, Middle East • Relocation diffusion • Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama • Was not rapid • Hierarchical diffusion because the Emperor of the Magadhan Empire, Asoka, became a Buddhist. • Missionaries then spread Buddhism • Ethnic: unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder • Hinduism • No clear founder • Earliest use of Hinduism = sixth century B.C. • Archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.

  30. Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions • No missionaries • Taken over by universalizing religions • Sometimes they merge together • Can diffuse if migrate to new locations for economic reasons and not forced to adopt a strongly entrenched universalizing religion • Universal religions usually compete with ethnic religions • Examples of mingling: • Christianity with African ethnic religions • Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan • Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration • Judaism is the Exception • Practice is Spread out, not just in country of origin • Diaspora – Romans Forcing out of Eastern Mediterranean - 70 A.D. • Persecuted by European nations, forced to live in ghettos • 6 million killed during WWII – survivors migrated back to Israel

  31. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? Figure 6-19 • Places of worship • Many types: Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Buddhist and Shinto pagodas, Bahá’í houses of worship • Tallest most elaborate buildings tend to be religious • Impact of religion on the landscape very important • Structures are “anchors” of religion • Functions of buildings influence the arrangements of structures on the landscape

  32. Christian Churches • High density • Structure is an expression of religious principles and attendance is extremely important • Small towns and neighborhoods within cities = largest building • Expensive

  33. Muslim Mosques • Not a sanctified place, a location for the community to gather for worship • Found in larger cities • Organized around a courtyard, usually open. • Pulpit placed at the end of the courtyard facing Mecca • Minaret  a tower where a man summons people to worship Minaret

  34. Hindu Temples • Structures unimportant • Temples are built to house shrines for gods • Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas • Tall many sided towers arranges in a series of tiers, balconies, and slanting roofs • Contain relics that Buddhists believe to be part of the Buddha’s body or clothing

  35. Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise? • Fundamentalism • Literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion • Combined with increased cultural diversity = conflict

More Related