Get ready for notes on the Layers of the Earth .

1. Bell work: 1. Draw and label the diagram of the earth’s layers.2. List the physical layers.3.List the chemical layers. Get ready for notes on the Layers of the Earth.

2. Earth’s Composition

3. Lesson 1: Layers of the EarthSC.7.E.6.1 • Student will be able to describe the different layers of the earth.

4. Earth is like a peach!! • Skin of the peach is the crust • Meat of the peach is the mantle • Pit of the peach is the core

5. Crust • Brittle rocky outer layer of the Earth. • Thinnest of the layers • The least dense • Layer where we live!!!! 2 Parts • Continental Crust • Oceanic Crust

6. Mantle Thickmiddle layer in the solid part of the Earth Immediately below the crust Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates above to move 2 Parts Upper Mantle Lower Mantle

7. Inside the Mantle Asthenosphere Lithosphere The plastic layer (easily flowing) inside the mantle The lithospherefloat on top of the asthenosphere =PLATE TECTONICS • Made of the crustand the upper mantle • Less dense than the material below it so it “floats”

8. Outer Core Spinning SOLID ball made of iron and nickel Layer with the most density Inner Core • Made of a thick fluid like LIQUID iron • Directly below the mantle Liquid Iron Liquid Iron Solid IRON

10. Layers of the EARTH

11. Lesson 2: Rock Formation & Rock Cycle SC.7.E.6.2 • Students will be able to describe the formation of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks. • Students will understand that the rock cycle is a never-ending process of rocks forming, weathering, and changing into other rocks • Students will understand how the rock cycle impacts surface events such as weathering and erosion.

12. What is a ROCK? Rock-a naturally occurring solid mixture of: • Minerals, • Smaller rock fragments • Organic matter • Glass Grains-individual particles in rocks. • Minerals • Smaller rock fragments • Organic matter • glass

13. How are rocks classified? 3 Types of Rocks • Sedimentary • Igneous • Metamorphic ***Different rocks are classified by the way they are formed. ***

14. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS LIMESTONE COAL FORMATION: Lithification – the process through which sediment turns into rock. Sediment- rock and minerals fragments that are loose or suspended in water. • Examples of sediments: Pebbles, sand, silt, clay, shells, bones Texture: Fine grained or coarse- grained Shape: rounded or angular Composition: Depends on the minerals in the sediments SHALE

15. IGNEOUS ROCKS BASALT FORMATION:Magma or Lava that cools and forms mineral crystals. Magma- molten rock inside of the earth Lava-molten rock that erupts onto Earth’s surface. Texture: • Lava crystals are smaller • cools fast • Fine-grained • Composition: Dark colored mineral crystals • Magma crystals are larger • cools slowly • coarse grained • Composition: Lightly colored mineral crystals

16. METAMORPHIC ROCKS SLATE MARBLE FORMATION: when parent rocks are squeezed (pressured), heated, or exposed to hot fluids. Texture: result from increasing pressure Shape: Flat shaped caused by: Foliation- results when uneven pressures cause flat minerals to line up, giving the rock a layered appearance Composition: Result of the minerals from the parent rocks. Parent Rock Granite Baby Rock Gneiss Heating & Pressure Still a SOLID! Heating & Pressure Still a SOLID!

17. ROCK CYCLE • The rock cycle is a never-ending process of rocks forming, weathering & eroding, and changing into other rocks. • Weathering-breaking down of rocks (glaciers, wind, and rain) • Erosion-the carrying of rocks or sediments from one place to another place • Deposition-(deposit) drop the sediments in a new location

18. ROCK CYCLEThe series of process that continually change one type of rock into another.

19. ROCK CYCLE

20. Lesson 3: Plate TectonicsSC7.E.6.5 • Students will understand the theory of plate tectonics.

21. Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of plate tectonics is an explanation of the Earth’s structure and different surface and subsurface events. *****Theory of PLATE TECTONICS states that the Earth is made of rigid slabs of rocks, or plates that move with respect to each other causing: earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, and seafloor spreading.

22. Plate Tectonics • The Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates (oceanic & continental) known as the lithosphere. Lithosphere floats on top of the plastic (semisolid) asthenosphere.

23. Why does the lithospherefloat on top of the asthenosphere??

24. Convection Currents • Less dense hot magmain the Earth’s mantle moves up toward the surface then the more dense cool magma sinks creating convectioncurrentsbeneath the plates that cause the plates to move.

26. Results of Movement SC.7.E.6.7 Heat flow and movement within the earth cause: • Earthquakes • Volcanic Eruptions • Mountain building

27. Plate Tectonics

28. Questions... • What causes plates to move? • How is a convection current formed? • Which plate floats on top of the other? (Asthenosphere or Lithosphere) Justify.

29. Questions... • What is the theory of plate tectonics? • What is the lithosphere? • What is the asthenosphere? • How are they related? • Could the lithosphere move without the asthenosphere? Explain. • What are the two types of plates?

30. Lesson 4: Results of Traveling PlatesSC7.E.6.5 LEARNING GOAL • Students will be able to describe the motion of the plates at the different boundaries and the major surface and subsurface events such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain to form.

31. Lesson 4: Results of Traveling PlatesSC7.E.6.5 Plate Tectonics is the cause of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains, & more…

32. Types of Boundaries • 3 Types of Boundaries • Divergent • Convergent • Transform At each boundary major surface/subsurface events take place.

33. Divergent Boundaries • Boundary between two plates that are moving apart or rifting --- --- RIFTING causesSEAFLOOR SPREADING Results of the seafloor spreading: mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and fissure volcanoes Video Clip

36. Convergent Boundaries • Boundaries between two plates that are colliding   There are 3 types… • Ocean   Continental • Ocean   Ocean • Continental  _____________

37. Ocean   Continental • Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate • Subduction Zone: where the less dense plate slides under the more dense plate • VOLCANOESoccur at subduction zones

38. Volcanoes

39. Ocean   Ocean • Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate • The less dense plate slides under the more dense plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH

40. Continental   Continental • A continental plate colliding with another continental plate • Have Collision Zones: • a place where foldedand thrust faulted mountainsform.

42. Transform Boundaries San Andreas Fault, CA Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other EARTHQUAKESalong faults

43. Plate Boundaries

44. Click on picture for Video!!! What are the results of Plate of Tectonics? Make a list in your journal. The results of plate tectonics are…

45. Questions... • What are the three types of boundaries? • Which direction do the plates travel for each? • Identify the movement of the boundary for the following events in the Earth’s surface: • Earthquakes • Volcanic eruptions • Mountains • Mid Ocean Ridges

46. Law of SuperpositionSC.7.E.6.3 (26%)

47. The Law of Superposition In sequence of rock(strata) layers that have not been folded or deformed, the oldest layer is at the bottom of the sequence, and the youngest layer is at the top of the sequence.

48. Deformation • Rocks can undergo stressuntil they fail. Once a rock fails, or reaches its yield point, it can either rupture due to brittle failure or deform plastically. • The process by which a rock changes shape due to stress is called deformation. • The stress can be: • Compression – squeezing • Tension – stretching • Shearing - sliding

49. What are the Types of Stress on Rocks? STRESS DEFORM causes rocks to http://earthsci.org/processes/struct/deform/stresses.gif

50. Rock Deformation http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1121DeformationTypes.jpeg