MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges: Nanotechnology & Space (6b)

1. MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges:Nanotechnology & Space(6b) Economical impact of the space R&D Jordi Isern Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC)

2. Value chains for the three commercial satellite applications In billion euros 2005

3. The birth of commercial operators ESA is responsible for research and development of space projects. • On completion of qualification, these projects are handed over to outside bodies for the production/exploitation phase. Operational systems are transferred to new or specially established organisations: • Launchers : Arianespace - launcher production phase • Telecommunications : Eutelsat & Inmarsat - international communications services via ECS/MARECS • Meteorology : Eumetsat - Meteosat weather satellites • Satellite Navigation : Galileo, Joint, Undertaking (with the E.U.) 10/2004 - 20

4. Global Navigation Satellite Systems • Existing and projected systems: • GPS (USA) • GLONASS (Russia) • Galileo (Europe) • QZSS (Japan) • Beidou (China) • GAGAN (India)

5. GPS platform

6. There are permantly 4 satellites above the horizon b2

7. b2

12. •A complete civil satellite navigation system developed by ESA and the EU on equal co-funding, • 30 satellites (27 operational and 3 spares) on three circular orbits, inclined at 56° to the Equator, at an altitude of 23 222 km with associated ground segment. • First operational services as of 2008?, will offer Europe and the world accurate and secure satellite positioning capability. • Three phases: Development and in-Orbit Validation / Deployment / Commercial Operations. • First validation satellite GIOVE-A launched on 26 December 2005, the second GIOVE-B is programmed for mid 2007. • Applications supported by Galileo: control of road, rail, air and sea traffic, synchronised data transmission between computers, and many others. • Significant economic benefits: a return on investment of 4.6 and creation of over 140 000 jobs. • Two Galileo control centres will be established in Europe to handle satellite operations and manage the navigation system. Galileo:satellite navigation "Made in Europe".

13. Telecommunications:a commercial success. Telecommunications Satellites represent the largest worldwide commercial space market. Key areas of interest to ESA are: • Fixed services • Broadcasting • Mobile communications • Navigation • Data relay • Multimedia.

14. ESA began development of telecommunications satellites in 1968: OTS (Orbital Test Satellite) - (1978-1991) • technology opened European market for broadcasting to cable feeds and television. Four ECS (between 1983 and 1988) and two MARECS (1981-1984) • consolidated Europe's position as a satellite builder. Olympus (1989-1993) • redefined leading edge of advanced telecommunications services including direct-to-home TV and high definition TV. ARTEMIS (2001...) • services include data relay to low orbiting spacecraft, mobile communications over Europe and neighbouring areas, distribution of navigation signals. From OTS to ARTEMIS

15. OLYMPUS MARECS OTS ECS From OTS to ARTEMIS

16. Artemis in preparation Artist’s view Artemis test in ESA/ESTEC Large Space Simulator ARTEMIS

17. ARTEMIS was launched in July 2001 on board Ariane 5. In spite of a malfunction of the launcher upper stage, ARTEMIS finally reached its geostationary orbit on 31 January 2003 thanks to its ion thrusters. It provides three major services: • high data rate communication links between satellites (radio and laser beams) • voice and data communication between mobile terminals in Europe, North Africa and Middle East • broadcast of GPS-like navigation signals, as a key element of Europe’s EGNOS satellite navigation system. ARTEMIS: the European data relay satellite.

18. In the current decade, ESA will: • Develop, test and deploy EGNOS, the first phase of the European Satellite Navigation System, based on GPS/GLONASS augmentation (2005). • Develop, test and deploy Galileo, a new generation navigation system by 2009-2010. • Develop and promote a large range of activities on satellite multimedia, including technology developments, pilot projects and on-flight demonstrations. • Develop and promote new advanced satellite mobile systems. • Develop a large satellite platform (Alphabus, more than 7 tons and 20 kW) and fly a demonstration mission. • Develop a small GEO satellite platform (Small Satellite) for a new advanced service. These projects will expand the technological base of Europe's space industry and act as a foundation for new European services. Advanced technologies for tomorrow’s telecom

19. Space Tourism Drivers: # The thrill of the flight # The vision of the Earth from space # The experience of the absence of weight # The exclusive status symbol

20. The pioneers # In 1990 Akiyama flew on the MIR station # Some non-professional astronauts were flying with the Shuttle (Teacher is Space for instance) #At the end of 90s MirCorp offered some trips to the station in order to contribute to the maintenance costs # The dismantlement of the station aborted the operation

21. The US-based Space Adventures Ltd, in conjunction with the Russian Space Agency and Rocket and Space Corporation Enrgia started to offer trips to the ISS (20M$)

22. Soyuz First tourists • Dennis Tito (American)-2001 • Mark Shuttleworth (South African/British)-2002 • Grgory Olsen (American)-2005 • Anousheh Ansari (Iranian/American)-2006 • CharlesSimonyi (Hungarian/American) –2007 • Francisco Navarro-Grau (Peru)-2008 • Richard Garriott (American)-2008 • Vladimir Gruzdev (Russia)- 2009 Asa consequence of the Columbia disaster, the tourist Russian Soyuz program was suspended temporaly to guarantee the provision of supplies to the ISS.

23. suborbital Suborbital flights Suborbital space tourism seems more affordable. Project costs 200 k$ per passenger. The proposed vehicles reach an altitude of 100 to 160 km and passengers will experience ~ 6 minutes og weightlessness, the view of the star without the inluence of the atmosphere and the curved horizon • Several companies: • Space Adventures • Virgin Galactic • Starchaser • Blue Origin • Armadillo Aerospace • XCOR Aerospace • Project Enterprise • ...

24. Virgin Galactic It expects to start the commercial flights in 2009. Passengers will receive a 3 day training before being sent to the space. They will use the SpaceShipTwo The space ship will peak at ~110 km height, roughly the international boundary of the Earth. The flight will last for 2.5 hours, itwill carry 6 passengers and will reach Mach 3 velocity. SS2 uses for propulsion a simple hybrid rocket motor and it will be launched f rom an airplaneat 50.000 feet. The landing will be unpowered like the Shuttle. To be updated!

25. SpaceShipOne

26. Commercial space stations and space hotels #The Bigelow Aerospace has launched two experimental inflatable modules and plans to launch the first commercial station by 2010. # America’sSpace Prize of 50 M$ to the first US company able to create a reusable launch system. # Hilton proposes the Space Islands Project # Space Island group plans to built an station for 20,000 people (nothing to do with Hilton)