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Welding

Welding. Fumes. Welding Fumes. What Are Welding Fumes ? Health Hazards MSHA Regulations Sampling Methods Controls. Welding Fumes. What Are Welding Fumes ? Health Hazards MSHA Regulations Sampling Methods Controls. What Are Welding Fumes ?.

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Welding

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  1. Welding Fumes

  2. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  3. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  4. What Are Welding Fumes ? • Welding Causes Solid Metal To Vaporize • As Vaporized Metal Cools, It Condenses To Reform As Solid Particles - FUME • Fumes Are Very Small Particles - - Usually Much Smaller Than Dust • Dust Usually Larger Than 1 Micron • Fumes Can Be As Small As 1/1,000 Micron • Unless Captured And Removed, Fumes Remain Suspended In Air Indefinitely

  5. Composition of Welding Fumes • Composition Varies Depending On: • Material Being Welded • Welding Process, Rod, Electrode Type • Coatings On Material, Rod, Electrode • Typical Welding Fume Constituents: • Aluminum, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Moly • Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Tin, Lead • Nickel, Arsenic, Mercury, Vanadium, • Beryllium, Magnesium, Titanium, • May Be Metal or Oxide

  6. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  7. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation

  8. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation Fumes Are 100% Respirable

  9. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation Fumes Are 100% Respirable What Does “Respirable” Mean ?

  10. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation Fumes Are 100% Respirable What Does “Respirable” Mean ?

  11. How Do You Know What You Are Being Exposed To ? Hazards ? • Supplier Or Equipment Manufacturer • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) • Assume Paint Contains Lead • Assume Corrosion Resistant Coatings Contain Zinc Or Cadmium • Assume Wear Materials Contain Manganese • Assume High Strength Steel Contains Chrome, Manganese, Moly, Nickel

  12. Welding Fume Toxicity Kidney Nervous Liver GI Lung Aluminum X X Beryllium X Cadmium X X X X Chromium X X X X Cobalt X X X Copper X X Iron X X X X Lead X X X Manganese X X Nickel X X Zinc X X

  13. Welding Fume Toxicity • Acute Toxicity • Exposure To High Concentration Over Relatively Short Time • Symptoms Appear Relatively Quickly After Exposure • Chronic Toxicity • Exposure To Lower Concentration Over Long Time (Months, Years) • Symptoms Appear Long After Initial Exposure

  14. Welding Fume Toxicity • Exposure Usually Involves More Than One Metal • Toxic Effects May Be Additive • Examples • Blood - Manganese and Lead • CNS - Manganese and Lead • Kidney - Lead and Cadmium • Respiratory System - Magnesium, Manganese, Copper, and Zinc

  15. Welding Fume Toxicity • Metal Fume Fever • Symptoms Are Fever, Chills, Shaking • Symptoms Appear 4-12 Hrs After Exp. • Recovery Usually Within 1 Day • Usually Associated With Brief High Inhalation Exposure To Zinc, But Magnesium & Copper Also May Cause • Daily Exposure May Confer Immunity • Symptoms May Return If Exposure Interrupted (3-Day Weekend)

  16. Welding Fume Toxicity • Welding Fumes Can Cause Cancer • Arsenic (Lung, Lymphatic) • Beryllium (Lung) • Cadmium (Prostatic and Lung) • Chromium (Lung) • Nickel (Lung) • Welders May Also Be Exposed To: • Silica, Asbestos, Ozone • Thermal Decomposition of Paint, Flux, Electrode Coatings (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, HCN, COCl2, Fluoride Gases, Smoke, Etc.)

  17. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  18. MSHA Regulations § 56/57.5001 Exposure Limits §56/57.5002Monitoring §56/57.5005 Controls §56/57.14213(b) Ventilation §56/57.20011Barricades, Warnings Part 46 and Part 48 Training

  19. MSHA Regulations § 56/57.5001 Establishes Exposure Limits For Airborne Contaminants • TWA8 And Ceiling Limits Listed In 1973 ACGIH Booklet of Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s) • TWA8 Time Weighted Average For 8 Hrs • Ceiling Limits Cannot Be Exceeded For Any Length Of Time • ACGIH 1973 TLV Booklet References 1968 “PA Rules” For Short Term Limits

  20. MSHA Regulations §56/57.5002Dust, Gas, Mist, And Fume Surveys Shall Be Conducted As Frequently As Necessary To Determine The Adequacy Of Control Measures §56/57.5005Control of Harmful Airborne Contaminants Shall Be, Insofar As Feasible, By Engineering Controls • Respirators Permitted Under Certain Circumstances

  21. MSHA Regulations §56/57.14213(b) All Welding Operations Shall Be Well Ventilated §56/57.20011Areas Where Health or Safety Hazards Exist That Are Not Immediately Obvious Shall Be Barricaded Or Warning Signs Posted Part 46 and Part 48 Training

  22. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  23. Sampling Methods • For Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 • Full Shift Or Short Term

  24. Sampling Methods • For Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 • Full Shift Or Short Term • Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters

  25. Sampling Methods • For Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 • Full Shift Or Short Term • Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters • Place Filter In Breathing Zone Under Hood

  26. Sampling Methods • For Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 • Full Shift Or Short Term • Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters • Place Filter In Breathing Zone Under Hood • Pump Draws Air Over Filter; Contaminants Captured On Filter

  27. Sampling Methods • Analytic Lab Determines Weights Of Individual Contaminants On Filter • Weights Converted To Concentrations

  28. Sampling Methods • Analytic Lab Determines Weights Of Individual Contaminants On Filter • Weights Converted To Concentrations • Measured Concentration Compared To Established Exposure Limit • Measured Less Than Limit - - No Action Req’d • Measured Over Limit - - Implement Controls

  29. Welding Fumes • What Are Welding Fumes ? • Health Hazards • MSHA Regulations • Sampling Methods • Controls

  30. Controls (§56/57.5005) • Feasible Engineering Controls • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • PPE Allowed As Means Of Compliance Only In Limited Situations • Where Feasible Engineering Controls Do Not Exist • While Installing Engr. Controls • Occasional Entry Into Hazardous Atmosphere For Maintenance

  31. Engineering Controls • General Ventilation • Natural or Mechanically Induced (Fans) Airflow pushed Or Pulled Over Work Area That Dilutes and Carries Away Contaminants

  32. General Ventilation • Outdoors - Wind • Indoors • Open Shop Doors/Windows • Fans: Fixed - Roof, Walls, Windows • Fans: Portable • Blow Fresh Air Into Work Area, But Don’t Blow Fumes Into Welder’s Breathing Zone • Need Provision For “Make Up” Air

  33. Engineering Controls • Local Exhaust Ventilation • Captures and Removes Airborne Contaminants Before They Escape Into Workplace Air • Local Exhaust Always Preferred For Toxic Airborne Contaminants

  34. Local Exhaust Ventilation • Capture Hood & Fixed Duct System

  35. Local Exhaust Ventilation • Portable “Fume Eliminator”

  36. Local Exhaust Ventilation • Down Draft Table

  37. 1350 fpm 100 fpm

  38. Respiratory Protection • Air Purifying Or Supplied Air • May Be Integral With Welding Hood • NIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes

  39. Welder’s Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Half-Mask Cartridge Respirator Supplied-Air Respirator

  40. Respiratory Protection • Air Purifying Or Supplied Air • May Be Integral With Welding Hood • NIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes • Respirator Use Must Include Implementation of Respiratory Protection Program (See ANSI Z88.2-1969) • Written Procedures on Selection and Use • Respirator Training and Fit Testing • Respirator Inspection, Cleaning, Storage • Workplace Surveillance • Medical Evaluation Recommended

  41. Thank You

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