Language and Identity in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Study

1. LANGUAGE and IDENTITY IN PAKISTAN TARIQ RAHMAN Ph. D D. Litt (Sheffield) DISTINGUISHED NATIONAL PROFESSOR EMERITUS, Pakistan

3. Linguistic Map of Pakistan

6. TYPES OF IDENTITIES • POLITICAL • GENDER • CLASS • RELIGIOUS

7. LANGUAGE PLANNING ALL KINDS OF LP—STATUS PLANNING, CORPUS PLANNING, ACQUISITION PLANNING—HAVE POLITICAL AIMS AMONG OTHERS. THE STATUS OF A LANGUAGE (WILL IT BE A NATIONAL LANGUAGE? AN OFFICIAL ONE? ETC) IS DECIDED BY THE RULING ELITE IN ITS PERCEIVED INTEREST; QUESTIONS OF WHAT SCRIPT TO WRITE IT IN, WHAT WORDS TO USE, WHAT NEW TERMS TO DEVISE REFER TO QUESTIONS OF IDENTITY (CORPUS); AND PLANNING TO SPREAD THE USE OF A LANGUAGE (ACQUISITION) THROUGH THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND THE MEDIA ALSO REFERS TO THE PERCEIVED INTERESTS OF THE ELITE (COOPER 1989: 31-33)

8. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS • POWER? • DOMAINS OF POWER (GOVERNMENT, ADMINISTRATION, JUDICIARY, MILITARY, KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRY (EDUCATION; RESEARCH), MEDIA, COMMERCE, ENTERTAINMENT ETC. • IDENTITY • PRIMORDIALISM • INSTRUMENTALISM • RATIONAL/EXTRA-RATIONAL MOTIVATION. • LANGUAGE AS A SYMBOL/TOOL FOR POLITICAL CONFLICT (A) ETHNIC (HORIZONTAL) (B) CLASS (VERTICAL) AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION.

9. ETHNIC CONFLICT THE BENGALI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT • TAMUDDUN MAJLIS AND THE DEMAND FOR BANGLA. • THE 1948 BENGALI MOVEMENT (BHASHA ONDOLAN). • THE 1951 BHASHA ONDOLAN AND EKUSHE • THE TWO-ECONOMY THEORY. • THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH.

10. ETHNIC CONFLICT THE SINDHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT • HINDUS IN SINDH BEFORE 1947 • MOHAJIRS IN URBAN SINDH • THE GRIEVANCES OF SINDHIS • THE 1971 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY • THE 1972 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY • SINDHI IDENTITY AND SINDHI

11. ETHNIC CONFLICT THE PASHTO LANGUAGE MOVEMENT • PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY • KHAN GHAFFAR AND PASHTO • THE DEMAND FOR PASHTUNISTAN/ PAKHTUNKHWA • THE CONTAINMENT OF THE PASHTO MOVEMENT • PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY.

12. ETHNIC CONFLICT BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS • BALOCHISTAN AS AN ETHNICALLY DIVIDED PROVINCE. • THE DARKHANI SCHOOL. • BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT IN KARACHI/QUETTA. • BALOCHI IN IRAN. • THE MILITANT CHALLENGE TO THE CENTRE. • THE POTENTIAL FOR UNREST.

13. ETHNIC CONFLICT THE SIRAIKI MOVEMENT • DIFFERENT NAMES FOR THE VARIETIES OF THE LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB. • THE BAHAWALPUR SUBA MAHAZ. • THE MULTAN CONFERENCE AND THE NAME OF SIRAIKI. • THE SIRAIKI GRIEVANCES.

14. ETHNIC IDENTITY THE PUNJABI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT • WHY PUNJABI WAS NOT RECOGNIZED AS THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE OF THE PUNJAB. • THE BRITISH, HINDU AND MUSLIM INDIFFERENCE TOWARDS PUNJABI (CONTEMPT? CULTURE-SHAME? ALIENATION? POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY?) • PUNJABI AS A SIKH LANGUAGE. • STATE SUSPICION OF PUNJABI. • EFFORTS BY SUPPORTERS OF PUNJABI.

15. CLASS CONFLICT LANGUAGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS • LANGUAGE AS A MARKER OF CLASS. • CULTURAL CAPITAL IN LANGUAGE. • THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION AND CLASS-BASED EDUCATION. • MADRASSAS • VERNACULAR MEDIUM • ENGLISH-MEDIUM • EDUCATION APARTHEID AND WORLD VIEW. • THE POTENTIAL FOR VIOLENCE.

16. Words as Constructors of Gender • Gender discrimination (manliness=mardangi; immodesty=besharmi; honour=izzat). • Male normativity a. Banda kya Kare? What can a man do? b. Plural for respect/ verb is gendered as male ( tusi ae so= you (M) come (M). • Hiding of females a. ghar wale (people of the house). b. family (wife). c. bachchi (girl-child).

17. Words as Constructors of Class

18. Words as Constructors of Religious Identity • Daheria (Worldly, temporal but it implies godless, atheist). • La deen (without religion. It is used for secular people and worldview). • Secular (is becoming a term of social condensation close to (1) and (2) in Pakistan.