Chapter 16 Study Notes:

1. Chapter 16 Study Notes: Groundwater

2. Chapter 16 Section 1Study Notes: Water Beneath the Surface

3. Groundwater 1. ____________ is the water beneath Earth’s surface.

4. aquifer 2. An ______ is a body of rock that stores groundwater and allows it to flow.

5. 3. The percentage of the total ________ of rock that consists of open spaces is called ________. volume porosity

6. 4. The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment _______ is called ______. particles sorting

7. 5. __________ is the ability of rock to let fluids pass through its pores. Permeability

8. 6. Open spaces in rock must be connected in order for the rock to be __________. permeable

9. 7. The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water is called the zone of _________. saturation

10. 8. The upper surface of underground water is called the _____ _____. table water

11. 9. The aquifer zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface is called the zone of ________. aeration

12. Gradient 10. ________ is the steepness of a slope.

13. 11. A second water table that sits above the first water table is called a _______ water table. perched

14. 12. The area where water from the surface can move through permeable rock to reach an aquifer is called a ________ zone. recharge

15. 13. A natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface is called a ______. spring

16. 14. Pumping water from a well lowers the water table around the well and causes a _____ of __________. cone depression

17. artesian formation 15. An _______ ________ is a sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock.

18. 16. Wells, springs, and artesian formations bring _____ to Earth’s surface. water

19. Geysers hot springs 17. _______ and ___ ______ are land features formed by hot groundwater.

20. geyser 18. A ______ is a hot spring that erupts through vents.

21. Chapter 16 Section 2Study Notes: Groundwater and Chemical Weathering

22. 1. Water rich in dissolved minerals is called _____ water. hard

23. 2. Water with low concentrations of dissolved minerals is called ____ water. soft

24. 3. Carbonic acid breaks down minerals in rock in a process called ________ __________. chemical weathering

25. 4. Rock becomes chemically weathered when ________ acid, formed when water passes through soil and ________ minerals in the rock. carbonic dissolves

26. 5. Rock that is rich in the mineral ______ is especially vulnerable to chemical weathering? calcite

27. cavern 6. A ______ is a natural cavity in rock that forms as a result of the _________ of minerals. dissolving

28. 7. A cone-shaped deposit of calcite on the ceiling of a cave is called a ________. stalactite

29. 8. Calcite formations standing on the floor of a cavern are called _________. stalagmite

30. 9. A circular depression that forms on the surface when rock ________ is called a ________. dissolves sink hole

31. 10. _____ __________ is irregular landforms created by the ________ weathering of rock by groundwater. Karst topography chemical

32. 11. A region that clearly shows the results of chemical weathering is called _____ __________. Karst topography

33. 12. Common features of karst topography include closely spaced _________ and _______. sink holes caverns

34. The End!!!