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IKI10230 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 05.b: Arithmetic Operations

IKI10230 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 05.b: Arithmetic Operations. Sumber : 1. Paul Carter, PC Assembly Language 2. Hamacher. Computer Organization , ed-5 3. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB 4. Intel Architecture Software Developer’s Manual. 17 Maret 2004

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IKI10230 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 05.b: Arithmetic Operations

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  1. IKI10230Pengantar Organisasi KomputerKuliah no. 05.b: Arithmetic Operations Sumber:1. Paul Carter, PC Assembly Language2. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-53. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB4. Intel Architecture Software Developer’s Manual 17 Maret 2004 L. Yohanes Stefanus (yohanes@cs.ui.ac.id)Bobby Nazief (nazief@cs.ui.ac.id) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/POK/

  2. Arithmetic Instructions • The binary arithmetic instructions • operate on 8-, 16-, and 32-bit numeric data • encoded as signed or unsigned binary integers • Operations include • add, • subtract, • multiply, • divide • increment, decrement, compare, and change sign (negate) • The are also BCD (binary coded decimal) arithmetic instructions

  3. Arithmetic Instructions: Summary • ADD Integer add • ADC Add with carry • SUB Subtract • SBB Subtract with borrow • IMUL Signed multiply • MUL Unsigned multiply • IDIV Signed divide • DIV Unsigned divide • INC Increment • DEC Decrement • NEG Negate • CMP Compare • DAA Decimal adjust after addition • DAS Decimal adjust after subtraction • AAA ASCII adjust after addition • AAS ASCII adjust after subtraction • AAM ASCII adjust after multiplication • AAD ASCII adjust before division

  4. Additions & Subtractions • ADD DEST,SRC ; DEST  [DEST] + [SRC] • OF, SF, ZF, AF, CF, and PF flags are set according to the result • ADC DEST,SRC ; DEST  [DEST] + [SRC] + [CF] • OF, SF, ZF, AF, CF, and PF flags are set according to the result • SUB DEST,SRC ; DEST  [DEST] - [SRC] • OF, SF, ZF, AF, CF, and PF flags are set according to the result • SBB DEST,SRC ; DEST  [DEST] - [SRC]– [CF] • OF, SF, ZF, AF, CF, and PF flags are set according to the result

  5. Format Instruksi ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB ACC  [ACC] + IMM • ADD AL,imm8Add imm8 to AL • ADD AX,imm16Add imm16 to AX • ADD EAX,imm32Add imm32 to EAX REG/MEM  [REG/MEM] + IMM • ADD r/m8,imm8Add imm8 to r/m8 • ADD r/m16,imm16Add imm16 to r/m16 • ADD r/m32,imm32Add imm32 to r/m32 • ADD r/m16,imm8Add sign-extended imm8 to r/m16 • ADD r/m32,imm8Add sign-extended imm8 to r/m32 REG/MEM  [REG/MEM] + [REG] • ADD r/m8,r8Add r8 to r/m8 • ADD r/m16,r16Add r16 to r/m16 • ADD r/m32,r32Add r32 to r/m32 REG  [REG] + [REG/MEM] • ADD r8,r/m8 Add r/m8 to r8 • ADD r16,r/m16Add r/m16 to r16 • ADD r32,r/m32Add r/m32 to r32

  6. Multiplication • MUL SRC ; DEST  [ACC] * [SRC] • The MUL instruction multiplies two unsigned integer operands. • SRC ACC DEST r/m8 AL AX r/m16 AX DX:AX r/m32 EAX EDX:EAX • CF & OF flags are set to 0 if the upper half of the result is 0; otherwise, they are set to 1 • IMUL • IMUL SRC ; lihat MUL SRC • IMUL DEST,SRC ; DEST  [DEST] * [SRC] • The IMUL instruction multiplies two signed integer operands. • CF & OF flags are set when: • significant bitsare carried into the upper half of the result • the result must be truncated to fit in the destination operand size

  7. Format Instruksi MUL • MUL r/m8Unsigned multiply (AX ← [AL]*[REG/MEM]) • MUL r/m16Unsigned multiply (DX:AX ← [AX]*[REG/MEM]) • MUL r/m32Unsigned multiply (EDX:EAX ← [EAX]*[REG/MEM]) CONTOH: • MUL DL • MUL BYTE [DATA] • MUL DX • MUL WORD [DATA] • MUL EDX • MUL DWORD [DATA]

  8. Format Instruksi IMUL 1-OPERAND • IMUL r/m8AX← [AL]*[REG/MEM] • IMUL r/m16DX:AX ← [AX]*[REG/MEM] • IMUL r/m32EDX:EAX ← [EAX]*[REG/MEM] 2-OPERAND • IMUL r16,r/m16REG ← [REG] * [REG/MEM] • IMUL r16,imm8REG ← [REG] * sign-extendedIMM • IMUL r16,imm16REG ← r/m16 * IMM • IMUL r32,r/m32REG ← [REG] * [REG/MEM] • IMUL r32,imm8REG ← [REG] * sign-extended IMM • IMUL r32,imm32REG ← [REG/MEM]* IMM 3-OPERAND • IMUL r16,r/m16,imm8REG ← [REG/MEM]*sign-ext. IMM • IMUL r16,r/m16,imm16REG ← [REG/MEM]* IMM • IMUL r32,r/m32,imm8REG ← [REG/MEM]*sign-ext. IMM • IMUL r32,r/m32,imm32REG ← [REG/MEM]* IMM

  9. Division • DIV SRC ; QUO. & REM.  [ACC] / [SRC] • dividesoneunsigned integer operand (ACC) by another (SRC) • SRC ACC QUOTIENT REMAINDER r/m8 AX AL AH r/m16 DX:AX AX DX r/m32 EDX:EAX EAX EDX • non-integral results are truncated (chopped) towards 0 • remainder is always less than thedivisor in magnitude • overflow is indicated with the #DE (divide error) exception rather thanwith the OF flag • IDIV SRC ; QUO. & REM.  [ACC] / [SRC] • dividesonesigned integer operand (ACC) by another (SRC) • non-integral results are truncated (chopped) towards 0 • sign of the remainder is always thesame as the sign of the dividend • absolute value of the remainder is always less than theabsolute value of the divisor • overflow is indicated with the #DE (divide error) exception ratherthan with the OF (overflow) flag

  10. Format Instruksi DIV & IDIV Unsigned Divide • DIV r/m8Q:AL, R:AH ← AX /[REG/MEM] • DIV r/m16Q:AX, R:DX ← DX:AX /[REG/MEM] • DIV r/m32Q:EAX, R:EDX ← EDX:EAX /[REG/MEM] Signed Divide • IDIV r/m8Q:AL, R:AH ← AX /[REG/MEM] • IDIV r/m16Q:AX, R:DX ← DX:AX /[REG/MEM] • IDIV r/m32Q:EAX, R:EDX ← EDX:EAX /[REG/MEM]

  11. INC & DEC • INC DEST ; DEST  [DEST] + 1 • DEC DEST ; DEST  [DEST] – 1 • Operand is assumed to be unsigned integer. • CF flag is not affected. OF, SF, ZF, AF, and PF flags are set according to the result. • INC/DECr/m8 Increment r/m byte by 1 • INC BYTE [DATA] • INC/DECr/m16 Increment r/m word by 1 • INC WORD [DATA] • INC/DECr/m32 Increment r/m doubleword by 1 • INC DWORD [DATA] • INC/DECr16 Increment word register by 1 • INC/DECr32 Increment doubleword register by 1

  12. CMP & NEG • CMP DEST,SRC ; [DEST] – [SRC], update FLAGS • The source operands arenot modified, nor is the result saved. • The CF, OF, SF, ZF, AF, and PF flags are set according to the result (in the same manner as the SUB instruction) • NEG DEST ; DEST  0 – [DEST] • Assume a signed integer operand • CF flag set to 0 if the source operand is 0; otherwise it is set to 1 • OF, SF, ZF, AF, and PF flags are set according to the result

  13. Format Instruksi CMP [ACC] - IMM • CMP AL, imm8Compare imm8 with AL • CMP AX, imm16Compare imm16 with AX • CMP EAX, imm32Compare imm32 with EAX [REG/MEM] - IMM • CMP r/m8, imm8Compare imm8 with r/m8 • CMP r/m16, imm16Compare imm16 with r/m16 • CMP r/m32,imm32Compare imm32 with r/m32 • CMP r/m16,imm8Compare imm8 with r/m16 • CMP r/m32,imm8Compare imm8 with r/m32 [REG/MEM] – [REG] • CMP r/m8,r8Compare r8 with r/m8 • CMP r/m16,r16Compare r16 with r/m16 • CMP r/m32,r32Compare r32 with r/m32 [REG] – [REG/MEM] • CMP r8,r/m8Compare r/m8 with r8 • CMP r16,r/m16Compare r/m16 with r16 • CMP r32,r/m32Compare r/m32 with r32

  14. Format Instruksi NEG • NEG r/m8Two’s complement negate r/m8 • NEG r/m16Two’s complement negate r/m16 • NEG r/m32Two’s complement negate r/m32 CONTOH: • NEG DL • NEG BYTE [DATA] • NEG DX • NEG WORD [DATA] • NEG EDX • NEG DWORD [DATA]

  15. DECIMAL ARITHMETIC

  16. Packed & Unpacked BCD Integers • Binary-coded decimal integers (BCD integers) are unsigned 4-bit integers with valid valuesranging from 0 to 9. • BCD integers can be unpacked (one BCD digit per byte) or packed (twoBCD digits per byte). • The value of an unpacked BCD integer is the binary value of the low halfbyte(bits 0 through 3). • The high half-byte (bits 4 through 7) can be any value during additionand subtraction, but must be zero during multiplication and division. • Packed BCD integers allow two BCD digits to be contained in one byte. • Here, the digit in thehigh half-byte is more significant than the digit in the low half-byte.

  17. Decimal Arithmetic • Decimal arithmetic can be performed by combining the binary arithmetic instructions ADD,SUB, MUL, and DIV with thedecimal arithmetic instructions. • The decimal arithmetic instructions are provided to carry outthe following operations: • To adjust the results of a previous binary arithmetic operation to produce a valid BCDresult. • To adjust the operands of a subsequent binary arithmetic operation so that the operationwill produce a valid BCD result. • Decimal arithmetic instructions operate only on both packed and unpacked BCD values.

  18. Packed-BCD Instructions • The DAA (decimal adjust after addition) and DAS (decimal adjust after subtraction) instructionsadjust the results of operations performed on packed BCD integers. • Adding two packed BCDvalues requires two instructions: • an ADD instruction: adds (binary addition) the two values and stores the result in the AL register • followed by a DAA instruction: adjusts the value in the AL register to obtain a valid, 2-digit, packed BCDvalue and sets the CF flag if a decimal carry occurred as the result of the addition. • Subtracting one packed BCD value from another requires: • a SUB instruction: subtracts (binary subtraction) one BCD value fromanother and stores the result in the AL register • followedby a DAS instruction: adjusts the value inthe AL register to obtain a valid, 2-digit, packed BCD value and sets the CF flag if a decimalborrow occurred as the result of the subtraction.

  19. Unpacked-BCD Instructions • AAA (ASCII adjust after addition) • converts the binary value in the AL register into a decimal value andstores the result in the AL register in unpacked BCD format • if a decimal carry occurred as a resultof the addition, the CF flag is set and the contents of the AH register are incremented by 1 • AAS (ASCII adjust after subtraction) • similar with AAA • AAM (ASCIIadjust after multiplication) • converts the binary value in the AL register into a decimal value andstores the least significant digit of the result in the AL register andthe most significant digit, if there is one, in the AH register • AAD (ASCII adjust before division) • converts the BCDvalue in registers AH (most significant digit) and AL (least significant digit) into a binary valueand stores the result in register AL • when the value in AL is divided by an unpacked BCD value,the quotient and remainder will be automatically encoded in unpacked BCD format

  20. Contoh Program: math.asm (1/5) • %include "asm_io.inc" • segment .data • ; • ; Output strings • ; • prompt db "Enter a number: ", 0 • square_msgdb "Square of input is ", 0 • cube_msg db "Cube of input is ", 0 • cube25_msgdb "Cube of input times 25 is ", 0 • quot_msg db "Quotient of cube/100 is ", 0 • rem_msg db "Remainder of cube/100 is ", 0 • neg_msg db "The negation of the remainder is ", 0 • segment .bss • input resd 1

  21. Contoh Program: math.asm (2/5) • segment .text • global _asm_main • _asm_main: • enter 0,0 ; setup routine • pusha • mov eax, prompt • call print_string • call read_int • mov [input], eax • imul eax; edx:eax = eax * eax • mov ebx, eax ; save answer in ebx • mov eax, square_msg • call print_string • mov eax, ebx • call print_int • call print_nl

  22. Contoh Program: math.asm (3/5) • mov ebx, eax • imulebx, [input]; ebx *= [input] • mov eax, cube_msg • call print_string • mov eax, ebx • call print_int • call print_nl • imul ecx, ebx, 25; ecx = ebx*25 • mov eax, cube25_msg • call print_string • mov eax, ecx • call print_int • call print_nl

  23. Contoh Program: math.asm (4/5) • moveax, ebx • cdq; initialize edx by sign extension • mov ecx, 100 ; can't divide by immediate value • idiv ecx; edx:eax / ecx • mov ecx, eax ; save quotient into ecx • mov eax, quot_msg • call print_string • mov eax, ecx • call print_int • call print_nl • mov eax, rem_msg • call print_string • mov eax, edx • call print_int • call print_nl

  24. Contoh Program: math.asm (5/5) • negedx; negate the remainder • mov eax, neg_msg • call print_string • mov eax, edx • call print_int • call print_nl • popa • mov eax, 0 ; return back to C • leave • ret

  25. math.exe

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