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Lyme Disease

Lyme Disease. MH. Definition. An infectious disease caused by a spiral shaped bacterium transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected deer tick. Can be classified as an infectious arthritis. History. 1883- first recorded case of Lyme disease was described by Alfred Buchwald

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Lyme Disease

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  1. Lyme Disease MH

  2. Definition • An infectious disease caused by a spiral shaped bacterium transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected deer tick. • Can be classified as an infectious arthritis

  3. History • 1883- first recorded case of Lyme disease was described by Alfred Buchwald • 1909- ArvidAfzelius presented his research on the expanding ring like lesion associated with what would be know as Lyme disease • 1921- AvridAfzelius published his work and speculated that the origin of the disease was IxodesScapularis tick and connected the disease with joint problems • 1922- disease was found to be associated with neurological problems • 1930- disease is found to also cause psychiatric problems • 1934- Appearance of erythema migrans and arthritic symptoms were associated benign lymphocytomas

  4. 1970- Rudolph Scrimenti published reports of erythema migrans • 1975- Allen Steere investigated a group of rashes and swollen joints in Lyme, Connecticut - Scrimenti published about his treatment of the rash with penicillin • 1976- A clustering of cases of the disease were reports in a Naval Medical Hospital • 1977- Steere misdiagnoses Lyme Disease as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and named it Lyme arthritis • 1982- the etiological agent of the disease, Borrelia Burgdorferi, was discovered by Dr. Willy Burgdorferi • 1983- Treatments of Lyme Disease began with oral and intravenous antibiotics - three stages of Lyme disease are defined • 1986- Skeptics denounced the existence of Lyme Disease

  5. 1988- Lyme Disease Foundation (LDF) was founded • 1997- Borrelia Burgdorferi genome was sequenced by TIGR • 1999- Smith Kline Beecham received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and LYMErix vaccine was put on the market • 2002- LYMErix vaccine was removed from the market • 2007 – Stony Brook University received patent for developing chimeric proteins which will improve treatment and immunity

  6. Causes • Bacterium transmitted through tick bites • The disease starts in deer and white footed mice and is transferred to ticks when the ticks feed on them • About 1 in 20 tick bites cause Lyme Disease • It is not contagious

  7. Symptoms • Bulls-eye rash appears 3-30 days after you are bitten and can last 2-3 weeks • The rash grows to about 12 inches then the inner dot disappears leaving just the ring • Often no rash appears but flu like symptoms develop • Bell’s Palsy may develop • Symptoms may also include lethargy, conjunctivitis, abdominal pain, enlargement of the liver and joint inflammation • Symptoms cycle in about a week and can last for years • Heart block, heart enlargement, and pericarditis may occur

  8. If it’s not treated, flu like symptoms will disappear after a few weeks and are replaced with new symptoms such as severe headaches • It settles in joints causing Lyme arthritis which won’t go away without treatment • Tics, nerve damage and mental problems may develop • In some cases personality changes, intolerance to noise and depression occur • It is not fatal

  9. Diagnosis • Finding the rash • Patient history is reviewed • Blood testing for antibodies to Lyme Disease • Western Blot assay antibody test • Lyme blood testing

  10. Treatment • If it is diagnosed before joint inflammation occurs antibiotics are prescribed • If not nonsteroidal antibiotics or corticosteroid drugs are given • In the early staged doxycycline, amoxicillin or cefuroxime are used • Pain killers are prescribed for relief of symptoms • For swollen joints doctors can remove fluid or give an anti-inflammatory • If the bacteria develops resistance to the antibiotics the patient can be hospitalised

  11. Prevention • Wear long clothes in wooded areas • Use insect repellent contain Deet • Shower and wash clothing after coming out of wooded areas • Examine kids, pets and yourself for ticks • Remove a tick that is attached to your skin using tweezers • See a doctor immediately if the rash appears • Vaccines are available but are not completely affective

  12. Future Outlook • Develop better means of diagnosing, treating and preventing • Develop new vaccines • New blood tests are being created • Research whether long term treatments result in further improvements in patients who have received standard treatments • Research whether brain abnormalities in Lyme disease are primarily due to blood vessel inflammation or a nerve metabolism problem

  13. Did you know... • Borrelia Burgdorferi cannot live outside the body of its host • It can change its shape to three different forms • It can change its surface protein • It can hide in cellular folds • 15% of victims develop nervous system disorders • 50% of victims’ joints are affected • 76% of reported cases are Caucasians • People ages 5-9 and 50-59 are at the greatest risk • Male children and adult women are at a greater risk of contracting the disease

  14. References • Cowage Learning. (2009). Lyme Disease. Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders. Michigan: Gale. • Development of Vaccines to Infectious Diseases. (2005). Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 10, 2011, from http://brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects2005/lyme_disease/history.htm • Grolier Educational Corporation. (2003). Diseases: Immune System to Multiple Sclerosis. United States: Scientific Publishing. • Marshall Cavendish Corporation. (2005). Lyme Disease. Encyclopedia of Family Health (Volume 18). New York: The Brown Reference Group. • MarvisTavet. (2010). Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 14, 2011, from http://www.marvistavet.com • MedicineNet. Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 14, 2011, from http://www.medicinenet.com/lyme_disease.htm • Medicines For Mankind. Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 14, 2011. from http://medicinesfor mankind.edu

  15. Picture References • http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_lyme_disease.html • http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.county.oxford.on.ca • http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.natural-pain-relief-guide.com/image-files/tick-rash.jpg • http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.topnews.in/health/files/blood-test4.jpg • http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://herhairlosshelp.com/wp-content/store/2009/01/blood.jpg • http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://img.radio.cz/pictures/ved-medicina/vakcinax.jpg

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