Topic: INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION Class: IX Subject: History

1. Topic: INDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONClass: IXSubject: History

2. REVOLUTION A revolution  is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described two types of political revolution: • Complete change from one constitution to another • Modification of an existing constitution. Revolutions have occurred through human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio-political institutions.

3. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION It was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous.

4. RESULT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Industrialization has resulted in pollution of water, air and soil.  Harmful waste has increased astronomically.  All of these problems pose significant threats to both the environment and to human life. • Populations in industrialized countries moved from rural areas to urban areas.  This exacerbated the effects of rising pollution.  The concentrated population and a higher standard of living also produced larger amounts of waste. • Agriculture was also affected by industrialization.  More advanced machines and techniques for farming became available.  These new methods caused the soil to degenerate and increased the amount of land used in farming - ruining animal habitats. • As with the urbanization of thousands of years before, the Industrial Revolution changed the way people thought about themselves in relation to nature.  Industrialization told many people that they had mastered nature

5. INVENTIONS • John Kay's "flying shuttle" • James Hargreaves' "spinning jenny" • Richard Arkwright's "water frame" • Samuel Crompton's "Crompton's mule" • James Watt's "steam engine" • Robert Fulton's "steamboat“ • Stephenson's "steam powered train"

6. AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers. French involvement proved decisive yet expensive as it ruined France's economy. A French naval victory in the Chesapeake led to a siege by combined French and Continental armies that forced a second British army to surrender at the Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded roughly by what is now Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west.

7. TIME LINE • 1763- Seven Years War-Britain defeats France to dominate land east of Mississippi River • 1764-Sugar Act-American money used for the king • 1765-Stamp Act, which included the Quartering Act • 1773-Boston Tea Party • Boston Massacre • 1775-Paul Revere’s Ride • Battle of Concord and Lexington • Beginning of Revolution • 1776-Declaration of Independence

8. REASON AND CAUSE OF AMERICAN WAR When the war began, the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy. Each colony sponsored local militia. Militiamen were lightly armed, had little training, and usually did not have uniforms. Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time, were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations, and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience. If properly used, however, their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces, as at the battles of Concord, Bennington and Saratoga, and the siege of Boston. Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area. Armies were small by European standards of the era, largely attributable to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities on the American side.[17] It was also difficult for Great Britain to transport troops across the Atlantic and they depended on local supplies that the Patriots tried to cut off. By comparison, Duffy notes that Frederick the Great usually commanded from 23,000 to 50,000 in battle. Both figures pale in comparison to the armies that would be fielded in the early 19th century, where troop formations approached or exceeded 100,000 men.

10. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and indeed all of Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault fromradical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside. Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy – of monarchy , aristocracy and religious authority - were abruptly overthrown by new Enlightenment principles of equality, citizenship and inalienable rights.

11. EVENTS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION French Revolution (1789) First Republic (1792–1804) National Convention (1792–1795) Directory (1795–1799) Consulate (1799–1804) First Empire (1804–1814) Restoration (1814–1830) July Revolution (1830) July Monarchy (1830–1848) Second Republic (1848–1852) Second Empire (1852–1870) Third Republic (1870–1940) French State (1940–1944) Provisional Government(1944–1946) Fourth Republic (1946–1958) Fifth Republic (1958–present)

12. EFFECT OF REVOLUTION • The French Revolution, though it seemed a failure in 1799 and appeared nullified by 1815, had far-reaching results. In France the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power. Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoleon. The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars tore down the ancient structure of Europe, hastened the advent of nationalism, and inaugurated the era of modern, total warfare. • Although some historians view the Reign of Terror as an ominous precursor of modern totalitarianism, others argue that this ignores the vital role the Revolution played in establishing the precedents of such democratic institutions as elections, representative government, and constitutions. The failed attempts of the urban lower middle classes to secure economic and political gains foreshadowed the class conflicts of the 19th cent. While major historical interpretations of the French Revolution differ greatly, nearly all agree that it had an extraordinary influence on the making of the modern world.

14. RESULTS OF REVOLUTION The most concrete results of the French Revolution were probably achieved in 1789-91, when land was freed from customary burdens and the old corporate society was destroyed. This "abolition of feudalism" promoted individualism and egalitarianism but probably retarded the growth of a capitalist economy. Although only prosperous peasants were able to purchase land confiscated from the church and the emigrant nobility, France became increasingly a land of peasant proprietors. The bourgeoisie that acquired social predominance during the Directory and the Consulate was primarily composed of officials and landed proprietors, and although the war enabled some speculators and contractors to make fortunes, it delayed economic development. The great reforms of 1789-91 nevertheless established an enduring administrative and legal system, and much of the revolutionaries' work in humanizing the law itself was subsequently incorporated in the Napoleonic Code. The Revolution nevertheless freed the state from the trammels of its medieval past, releasing such unprecedented power that the revolutionaries could defy, and Napoleon conquer, the rest of Europe.

15. UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Factors That Led TO Unification Of Italy:- Italian unification was inspired by the French Revolution and the subsequent partial unification by Napoleon. After Napoleon, the conservative leaders of Europe attempted to restore the old order in Italy of petty kingdoms and duchies, but that revolutionary spirit never died. Italian stated revolted against Austrian dominance in the 1820s, but they were repressed. When Napoleon III became emperor of France in 1852 he supported Italian Independence, but along conservative (monarchical) lines rather than liberal (republican). He later turned against Italian unification, but by then the process had already begun and could not be reversed.

17. EVENTS OF UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Garibaldi, with his red shirts, freed Sicily and southern Italy from its Bourbon King who controlled Sicily. • Garibaldi wanted to march to Rome, but Cavour persuaded him to stop. It was feared that French troops might come and protect the Pope. • In 1860 some of the provinces from the Papal States agreed to join Sardinia. • Also in 1860, Sicily and Naples agreed to join with Sardinia. • This represented most of Italy, and Victor Emmanuel II was made the new king of Italy, with Florence as its capital. • The Papal States and Venetia became part of Italy later. • In 1866 Italy allied itself with Prussia, and when Prussia defeated Austria, Italy was rewarded with Venetia for staying out of the war. • In 1870 the French withdrew their troops from Rome, and the Italians moved in and seized the Pope’s territory. • Victor Emmanuel II then moved the capital to Rome.

19. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY Germany is a relatively modern state. In the mid nineteenth century Germany was a collection of smaller states that were linked as a German confederation. This confederation was dominated by Austria, which as a large imperial power was politically and economically superior to the smaller Germanic states. In the 1860's the dominance of Austria was challenged by Prussia and the process of unification and codification of German law began. These events have been interpreted rather differently by historians. Here I will offer only a brief narrative of the events however as interpretation of these issues is not particularly relevant or necessary for the purposes of the course being followed.

21. FACTORS • Economic factors were however crucial in developing the military strength of Prussia that Bismarck was to exploit so successfully. Yet even Bismarck had to depend on the King, the Minister of War and the soldiers. Finally mistakes of Louis Napoleon and the whole complex whirl of diplomacy was part of a world that Bismarck could only exploit but not control. • The economic changes in Prussia played a vital part in creating the circumstances that made unification possible but that more was needed in particular the statesmanship of Bismarck without which unification might not have occurred.

22. Bismark

23. EQUALITY • The French had good reasons for wanting equality. Before 1789 inequality was typical of the old government. The nobles and clergy were the privileged orders. They were exempt from such direct taxes as the taille, or land tax. Most taxes were paid by the Third Estate--a class that included peasants, artisans, merchants, and professional men. Even among these groups taxes were not equal. Some provinces were exempt from certain assessments, such as the gabelle, or salt tax. In addition, the collection of some taxes was made by contractors or tax farmers, and the tax gatherers collected whatever they could.

24. Nobles Give Up Their "Privileges" • A report of the peasant outbreaks made a strong impression on the Assembly. Some liberal nobles in that body set the example of giving up their feudal rights. Amid the wildest enthusiasm, men weeping and embracing each other, one noble after another gave up some exclusive privilege. Finally a decree was passed which aimed at abolishing the entire feudal system. That wild night of Aug. 4, 1789, marked the beginning of equality. Remnants of feudal dues, however, kept the peasants uneasy until 1793. • Meanwhile work continued on the constitution which the Assembly had promised to prepare for France. It was finally finished in 1791. Nobility was abolished. France was made a limited monarchy, with a one-house legislature. The immortal part of the document was the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It included the following points: • 1. All men were born free with equal rights. • 2. All citizens have the right to take part in electing representatives to make the laws. • 3. Every person shall be free to speak, write, or print his opinions provided he does not abuse this privilege. • 4. The amount of taxes which a person is called upon to pay shall be based on the amount of wealth that he possesses. • The Declaration of the Rights of Man came to be regarded as the charter of democracy. The equality of all men in the eyes of the law is its essence. Property was inviolable, for the chief supporters of the new order owned property or desired to own it.

25. SLAVERY AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN • Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery was one of the central issues in American history. • Initially, Lincoln expected to bring about the eventual extinction of slavery by stopping its further expansion into any U.S. territory, and by offering compensated emancipation (an offer accepted only by Washington, D.C). Lincoln stood by the Republican Party platform in 1860, which stated that slavery should not be allowed to expand into any more territories. Lincoln believed that the extention of slavery in the South, Mid-west, and Western lands would inhibit "free labor on free soil." Lincoln was not an abolitionist; he did not call for the immediate end of slavery everywhere in the U.S. until the proposed 13th Amendment became part of his party platform for the 1864 election. Abraham Lincoln Helping Salves

26. SLAVERY AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN

27. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR • The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election ofAbraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("theUnion"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.

28. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

29. EFFECTS OF REVOLUTION • In 1863, confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. • To the west, theUnion gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. •  Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Later, he led the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. • Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. • When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

30. EFFECTS OF REVOLUTION