By: Nicole Nikonetz Stephanie Scott And Vicky Warnock

1. THE EPICNESS OF ROME!!! By: Nicole Nikonetz Stephanie Scott And Vicky Warnock

2. Time • According to legends Rome was founded in 753 B.C.E • Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C.E. and came into power in 47 B.C.E. when he was announced dictator for life. • The western roman empire went from 286 C.E. – 476 C.E.

3. Rome before Caesar: This is Rome during Caesar’s Rule: Rome after the Roman Republic: Location

4. Political Structure • Early Rome was lead by a series of kings. Each king was advised by a senate made up of the heads of leading families. Citizens met to vote on decisions made by the king and the senate. • The senate was the most powerful body of government in the Roman Republic • They passed degrees, conducted foreign policy, and handled government finances • The first known code of law was established about 450 B.C.E. and it was called the code of twelve tables. This set down acceptable practices in written form. The roman law remained flexible • Under the roman republic, the army was made up of only people that owned land because they figured that the people that owned land would value it more and therefore defend it better • As they started to fight wars overseas they abolished this rule in 107 B.C.E. because they required more soldiers.

5. Political Structure • Caesar’s entrance to the political system began in 59 B.C.E. when he won an election to become consul, an official ruling over foreign lands. The Senate blocked his hopes of future military power by assigning him to areas that held no opportunities for power. • So Caesar formed an alliance to compete with the Senate. The alliance included Crassus and Pompey who were both rich and successful in military. The alliance was sealed when Julia, Caesar’s only daughter, married Pompey. • Caesar was then sent to govern over Gaul. Eventually, though, the people of Gaul rebelled against Caesar causing a number of battles that Caesar eventually won. • When Julia and Crassus both died, the alliance between Caesar and Pompey (Called the Triumvate) weakened and collapsed. • When Caesar returned in 50 B.C.E. the Senate put him on trial for the acts he committed while being a consul. Caesar didn’t like this so he started a civil war. In the beginning, it looked like Pompey was going to win the civil war but Caesar was tough and Pompey fled to Egypt where he was killed. • Caesar was officially made dictator in 47 B.C.E and 3 years later it was announced that he would be dictator for life. Caesar increased the size of the Senate from 300 to 900 members, in doing so he weakened it’s power because he added many people who were supporters of him.

6. Political Structure • The emperor had control over the senate as well as most other aspects of daily life. • The senate was below the emperor but the senate was more of just a glorified municipal body • The senators and equestrians positions were passed down through generation and helped with political matters

7. Economic Structure • The roman economy was not complex and was slave based. It’s main concern was feeding it’s large amount of citizens. • Agriculture and trade dominated Rome’s economic fortunes • They grew various grains, olives and grapes • Their trade routes were established on both land and sea. • The economy of Rome during Caesar’s rule remained mainly agricultural. Caesar was also the first person to put his face on coins. • The Roman currency during the western half of the Roman Empire consisted of coins including the aureus (gold), the denarius (silver), the stetertius (bronze), the dupondius (bronze), and the as (copper). These were used from the middle of the third century B.C.E. until the middle of the third century C.E.

8. Social Structures • Senatorial class: mainly political oriented, this included the nobles and senate, families whose ancestors included at least one consul, men of this class wore a tunic with a broad stripe. • Equestrian class: Mainly economics, this were a man if he possessed a stable among of wealth. By expansion his family members were also considered to be apart of the class, wore a tunic with a narrow stripe • Commons: All freeborn Roman citizens. Wore a toga • Slaves: people born or sold into slavery

9. Social Structures • During Caesar’s Rule the social structure included Caesar himself at the top as dictator for life, then the Senate, whose power was considerably weakened. Then the aristocrat class and below them was the farmers and other common people. At the very bottom of the social scale was the slaves. • During his rule, Caesar encouraged the people to hire at least 1/3 of their labor from free citizens instead of slaves. By doing this he ensured the poor and landless a source of work and income.

10. Social Structures • During the empire the social classes went: Emperor, Senators, Equestrians, Common people, Freed people, and slaves. The Latin classes of the republic virtually disappeared but roles in society still remained important. Where you were on the social ladder determined how you were treated and what you were able to do, like emperors were treated with respect while slaves were just thrown to the side.

11. Gender Roles • Women were not allowed to drink wine, their husband would kiss them on the lips to see if they had been drinking, and if they had they could be severely beaten • Even though women had no political rights, they still had to be treated with honour and respect • Women did a lot of the tasks that the men usually did, because of their absence due to politics

12. Gender Roles • Romans often feared powerful women such as queens. They didn’t like Cleopatra because they feared that she had Caesar under a spell. • The lives of women varied on their position in society. Women who came from wealthy families had most of their work done by slaves, and spent most of their time socializing and planning their next entertainment with friends. • Women were expected to keep to the house. They used twig brooms and brushes made of animal hairs. They were also required to shop for food and essentials at the local market. Their main job was to spin yarn and make clothing for the family. • Women in the country were in charge of making cheese, pickling and washing wool. • In the cities women often worked with their craftsmen husbands, running the store. • There were a large number of woman entertainers, though this was not though highly of.

13. Gender Roles • Women – women were basically owned by their father until they were married in which they were handed over to their husbands. A woman’s possessions were not hers by law as she was not allowed to freely obtain them, even when she was out of her father’s control. Women were allowed to go to festivals and public outings but they did not have any say in government and had to be accompanied by a male at all times. • Men – men basically ruled everything, only men were allowed to be in government and they had control over their wives and daughters. Men were the only ones allowed into the army and they got to be educated, unlike women, who were not allowed to be there equal.

14. Art

15. Weaponry • The soldiers basic equipment was a helmet called a cassis, armour called lorica segmentata, swords called gladius, throwing spear called a pilium, a shield called a scutum, a red battle coat and sandals. • They used a catapult to hurl rocks at their opponent’s base, a fire thrower which threw a twelve foot flaming dart. They also used a crossbow, which took large darts that looked like missiles but they did not explode.

16. Architecture • The main building materials used were, stone, wood, ceramics and terracotta, and metal. • In Rome, they constructed temples and large buildings for sacrificial purposes to please their gods. • Many of their buildings consisted of large pillars for support. • Romans were the first society to develop aqueducts • Rome was built on seven hills

17. Religion • They worshiped Greek gods but gave them Roman names, most named after the planets • The government controlled religion in ancient Rome, priests were government officials • The Roman people participated in festivals, and offered sacrifices and offerings to please their gods and goddesses. • They had over 20 different gods and goddesses which were said to watch over them if they were worshipped properly. • In Roman religion, the head of every family was considered it’s priest and the children were his assistants.

18. Awesome Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uocQ8t9K9FA

19. Bibliography • http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6524/ancientrome.htm • http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html • http://www.richeast.org/htwm/Greeks/Romans/weapons/weapons.html • http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/rome_building_materials.htm • http://library.thinkquest.org/26907/society.htm#woman • http://girlsoloinarabia.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/bacchustemple1.jpg • http://www.unrv.com/economy.php • http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH080.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire • http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html • http://hubpages.com/hub/GenderRolesAncientRome