Week 7 Presentation

1. Week 7 Presentation I share something about CO2 and the earth. crystal

2. 1.Historical CO2 • (1). Discovery of Atmospheric CO2 Levels Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth by Charles David Keeling • Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth is a 1998 autobiographical account of Dave Keeling's discovery of background levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.  It describes events that led to this discovery, and events that followed.  It is a story of perserverence in the face of scientific and institutional challenges to push open the door of understanding of the rising levels of atmospheric CO2.  A review in the scientific Journal, Nature, declares that Keeling's article "should be compulsory reading for politicians and science administrators."  The reviewer adds that "idealistic young scientists, as yet unscarred, should read it and take note: courage and perseverance are required." • The Scripps Institution of Oceanography has reprinted the paper with the permission of the Annual Review of Energy and the Environment.  Click here for more citations and republication information.  Click here to download the paper directly from the Scripps website.

3. (2).CO2 Ice Core Data "The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see."- Winston Churchill  • Ice Core Data and Links • This ice core data page gives you links to composite data sets going back as far as 800,000 years ago.  You also get links to scientific findings as published in May 2008 when the ice core data set was extended from 650,000 years before present to 800,000 years before present.   • High-res. CO2 concentration record 650,000–800,000 years ago  •  Dieter Lüthi et al  |  Published in Nature, Vol. 453, pp. 379-382, 15 May 2008.  • ABSTRACT  Changes in past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can be determined by measuring the composition of air trapped in ice cores from Antarctica. So far, the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores have provided a composite record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over the past 650,000 years. Here we present results of the lowest 200m of the Dome C ice core, extending the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by two complete glacial cycles to 800,000 yr before present. From previously published data and the present work, we find thatatmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout eight glacial cycles but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 yr before present. Carbon dioxide levels are below 180 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) for a period of 3,000 yr during Marine Isotope Stage 16, possibly reflecting more pronounced oceanic carbon storage. We report the lowest carbon dioxide concentration measured in an ice core, which extends the pre-industrial range of carbon dioxide concentrations during the late Quaternary by about 10 p.p.m.v. to 172–300 p.p.m.v. • Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination • A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

4. (3).CO2 Ice Core Data

5. 2.Current CO2 • (1). Earth's CO2 • 393.66ppm • Atmospheric CO2  for October 2013

6. (2).Why is CO2 significant? • CO2 Data Set: Original Scripps data file dated  Friday November 8, 2013Measuring Location: Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the chief greenhouse gas that results from human activities and causes global warming and climate change. To see whether enough is being done at the moment to solve these global problems, there is no single indicator as complete and current as the monthly updates for atmospheric CO2 from the Mauna Loa Observatory.

7. 3.Future CO2 Reposted from ScienceDaily (Feb. 18, 2008)   Now that scientists have reached a consensus that carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the major cause of global warming, the next question is: How can we stop it? Can we just cut back on carbon, or do we need to go cold turkey? According to a new study by scientists at the Carnegie Institution, halfway measures won’t do the job. To stabilize our planet’s climate, we need to find ways to kick the carbon habit altogether.In the study, to be published in Geophysical Research Letters, climate scientists Ken Caldeira and Damon Matthews used an Earth system model at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology to simulate the response of the Earth’s climate to different levels of carbon dioxide emission over the next 500 years. The model, a sophisticated computer program developed at the University of Victoria, Canada, takes into account the flow of heat between the atmosphere and oceans, as well as other factors such as the uptake of carbon dioxide by land vegetation, in its calculations.This is the first peer-reviewed study to investigate what level of carbon dioxide emission would be needed to prevent further warming of our planet.“Most scientific and policy discussions about avoiding climate change have centered on what emissions would be needed to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” says Caldeira. “But stabilizing greenhouse gases does not equate to a stable climate. We studied what emissions would be needed to stabilize climate in the foreseeable future.”The scientists investigated how much climate changes as a result of each individual emission of carbon dioxide, and found that each increment of emission leads to another increment of warming. So, if we want to avoid additional warming, we need to avoid additional emissions. • (1). Stabilizing Climate requires Near-Zero Emissions

8. In my opinion , the co2 is Indispensable , but not too much.

9. References 1.Matthews, H. D., and K. Caldeira. 2008. Stabilizing Climate requires Near-Zero Emissions. [ONLINE] Available at: http://co2now.org/Future-CO2/Targets/stabilizing-climate-requires-near-zero-emissions.html. [Accessed 03 December 13]. 2.NOAA & Scripps. 2013. Earth's CO2 Home Page. [ONLINE] Available at: http://co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Now/earths-home-pageforatmosphericco2.html. [Accessed 08 December 13]. 3.Charles David Keeling. 1998. Discovery of Atmospheric CO2 Levels. [ONLINE] Available at:http://co2now.org/Historical-CO2/Discoveries/discovery-of-atmospheric-co2-levels.html. [Accessed 08 December 13]. 4.Lüthi et al. 2008. CO2 Ice Core Data. [ONLINE] Available at: http://co2now.org/Historical-CO2/800000-Years/co2-ice-core-data.html. [Accessed 08 December 13]. 5.The authors. 2013. What the world needs to watch. [ONLINE] Available at: http://co2now.org/. [Accessed 08 December 13].

10. Thank you