At the end of this unit you should:

2. At the end of this unit you should: 1. Be able to draw and identify parts of a plant and animal cell. 2. Be able to state the functions of plant and animal cells. 3. Know how to compare the structures of and differences between a plant and animal cell. 4. Know the difference between a unicellular and multicellular organism. 5. Know the sequence of cell organisation. 6. Understand that some cells are specialised and perform a specific function, and be able to give two examples of such cells. 7. Be able to list the seven characteristics of life and understand the meaning of each. 8. Understand the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate.

3. biconcave cell cell membrane cell wall characteristics chlorophyll chloroplast classified cytoplasm excretion growth haemoglobin invertebrate mitochondrion multicellular nucleus nutrition organ organism palisade reproduction respiration sensitivity specialised system tissue unicellular vacuole vertebrate

4. LIGHTBULB QUESTION Yes, as, like plant cells, our cells have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondrion.

5. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CELLS

6. Copy the Venn diagram in Fig. 01.01.04 and complete it by referring to Fig. 01.01.02 and Fig. 01.01.03

7. FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF CELLS

8. (a) In your copy, draw a labelled diagram of a plant cell and an animal cell. In your labels, include the functions of each part of the cell.

9. (a) In your copy, draw a labelled diagram of a plant cell and an animal cell. In your labels, include the functions of each part of the cell.

10. (b) Individually or with classmates, put together a cell song or rap. Check out the YouTube video ‘Mr. W’s Cell Song’ to help you get started!

11. LIGHTBULB QUESTION They come from bone marrow. Red marrow produces the blood cells (red, white and platelets). Yellow marrow produce fat cells.

12. WHERE CELLS COME FROM

13. Tissue: A group of similar cells carrying out the same function. Organ: A group of different tissues working together. System: A group of organs working together. Organism: A plant or animal, which is made up of many cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

14. CELL ORGANISATION

17. (a) Make a list of tissues, organs and organ systems in your body.

18. (b) Are any of the tissues you have listed made from specialised cells? Which ones? • All of them, as they have specific jobs to do.

19. (c) Name any cells you know that are found in a plant. • Guard cells, root hair cells, palisade cells. • (d) Name any of the organs of a plant. • Root, stem, leaves and flower (as it contains the reproductive organs).

20. Specialised Cell: A cell that is specifically adapted to carry out its function.

22. (a) Why do you think the root cell has thin walls? To be able to absorb water from the soil. (b) Since red blood cells do not have a nucleus, what is present in them to enable them to carry out their function? A red pigment called haemoglobin.

23. (c) Why do you think the palisade cells are found in the top layer of the leaf? They are found in the top layer as this layer is nearest to sunlight, allowing for photosynthesis to occur. (d) What do you think we mean by ‘large surface area’? What will a large surface area allow to happen? Large surface area allows for a greater amount of water to be absorbed or taken up. With reference to the root hair, the hair is long and thin and has a large surface area, which means that there is more area for the water to be absorbed.

24. (e) Can you list any other skeletal or smooth muscles in the body? • Skeletal muscle: any muscle attached to the bone, for example: biceps, hamstrings or quadriceps. • Smooth muscle: any muscle involved in an involuntary movement, for example: stomach, blood vessel walls, intestines or bladder.

25. LIGHTBULB QUESTION Yes, we are similar to a plant. Both plants and animals carry out the seven characteristics of life: movement, respiration, sensitivity/response, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.

26. LIGHTBULB QUESTION Plant stems move/bend towards sunlight; roots grow towards water and gravity. Plants excrete through a small opening called stomata, the size of which is controlled by guard cells. They excrete water vapour and oxygen. We know we are alive as our heart beats and the blood inside our body is continuously flowing.

27. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. Movement 2. Respiration 3. Sensitivity/response 4. Growth 5. Reproduction 6. Excretion 7. Nutrition The acronym ‘MRS GREN’ will help you remember them!

28. 1. Movement: The ability of an organism to move all or part of its structure. 2. Respiration: The ability to take in oxygen and release energy from food. 3. Sensitivity or response: An organism responds to changes in its surroundings.

29. 4. Growth: The increase in size of an organism. 5. Reproduction: The ability to produce new cells and therefore a new organism. 6. Excretion: Removal of waste from a cell and from the organism. 7. Nutrition: How a living organism obtains its food.

30. (a) Use Table 01.01.04 to list what each sense organ responds to. (b) How do plants respond to light and water? Stems will bend and grow towards the light; roots will grow towards water.

31. (c) There is a piece of gone-off food on your plate. Which of your senses could you use to tell you that the food is off? Smell or taste. (d) Suggest how animals use the energy that is released during respiration. Animal use the energy released during respiration through daily activities such as in movement, digestion, keeping the body warm, etc.

32. (e) Discuss with a classmate how the Venus flytrap plant traps tiny insects. To note first of all that the Venus flytrap is a plant and not an animal. It has sensitive hairs on the edges of its leaves. When anything touches these hairs, the leaves snap shut, trapping what is usually an insect on the inside. It can distinguish between what it can and cannot eat. Venus flytraps can eat spiders, flies, caterpillars or slugs. The flytrap does not actually eat the insects, so we cannot say it is an animal. Rather, it has glands that produce enzymes which digest the insect and absorb the nutrients.

33. (a) List the seven characteristics of life. Remember ‘Mrs Gren’! Movement, respiration, sensitivity/response, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.

34. (b) Choose one plant and one animal from the list in Table 01.01.04 and produce a fact card about how they carry out all seven life characteristics. Plant example: Daffodil The flower will move as it grows towards sunlight, the roots towards gravity and water. The flower carries out photosynthesis so it excretes or releases carbon dioxide and water vapour. At night time, the flower will carry out respiration, where it uses oxygen to release energy. It is sensitive to sunlight, water and gravity with the flower’s parts growing towards them. The flower produces new young daffodils through reproduction. The leaves of the plant carry out photosynthesis and make food. This is the plant’s nutrition.

35. (b) Choose one plant and one animal from the list in Table 01.01.04 and produce a fact card about how they carry out all seven life characteristics. Animal example: Snail The snail moves to find and ingest food. It takes in oxygen and lets out carbon dioxide during respiration. A snail is sensitive to touch. It is born through reproduction and will grow to adult size. The snail excretes when it releases waste or carbon dioxide after respiration.

36. (c) Using the seven characteristics of life, describe two ways in which a strawberry plant and a horse are similar, and two ways in which they are different. Similarities 1. A strawberry plant grows from a young plant to a mature plant. A horse grows from a baby foal to an adult horse. 2. A strawberry plant excretes a gas, oxygen and water vapour. A horse excretes a gas, carbon dioxide and water vapour.

37. (c) Using the seven characteristics of life, describe two ways in which a strawberry plant and a horse are similar, and two ways in which they are different. Differences 1. A strawberry plant can reproduce both sexually and asexually, whereas a horse can only reproduce sexually. 2. A strawberry plant cannot move from place to place; it can only move towards the sunlight or water, or due to gravity. A horse can move from place to place.

38. Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone. Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone.

40. Copy and Complete In this unit I learned that living things are made up of cells. Plants and animalsare two examples of living things. Animal and plant cells are similar as they both have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm andmitochondrion. But only plant cells have a large vacuole, cell wall andchloroplast. An organism with one cell is called unicellular.An organism with many cells is called multicellular. An organism is made up of cells, tissues, organs and a system. A specialised cell is a cell that is specificallyadapted to carry out its function. An example of a specialised cell in an animal is a musclecell. An example of a specialised cell in a plant is a palisadecell. I also learned that living things can be divided into two categories: plantsandanimals.

41. Copy and Complete The difference between a living thing and a non-living thing is that a living thing has sevencharacteristics of life. They are movement, respiration,sensitivity,growth,reproduction,excretion andnutrition.Movementmeans that the plant or animal is able to move all or part of its structure, Respiration is being able to take in oxygen and release energyfrom food.Sensitivity/response is how they react to any changes. Growth is when the plant or animal produces newcells. Reproduction is how new cellsare made. Excretion is the removalof waste. Nutrition is how an organism makes or takes in food.

42. 1. Where do most cell reactions take place? • In the cytoplasm. • 2. Where is energy released in the cell? • In the mitochondrion. • 3. Which part of both a plant and animal cell passes genetic information on to new cells? • The nucleus.

43. 4. What is a specialised cell? Name two examples, one from a plant and one from an animal. A specialised cell is a cell that has adapted to carry out a particular function. Plant: root hair cells have thin walls to absorb water from the soil. Animal: red blood cells have the red pigment haemoglobin to attach to the oxygen.

44. 5. What is the main difference between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism? • A unicellular organism has one cell and a multicellular organism has many. • 6. How does the shape of a red blood cell help it carry out its function? • It has a biconcave shape to allow more space to carry the oxygen. • 7. What is missing in a red blood cell that most other cells in the human body have? • A nucleus.

45. 8. Using the information previously given on cell organisation, draw what you think the sequence of cell organisation in a plant would be, starting with a leaf cell.

46. 9. Copy and fill in Table 01.01.05. A brief description of the characterisation is needed, as well as an example of the plant and animal carrying out this characteristic.

47. 9. Copy and fill in Table 01.01.05. A brief description of the characterisation is needed, as well as an example of the plant and animal carrying out this characteristic.

48. 9. Copy and fill in Table 01.01.05. A brief description of the characterisation is needed, as well as an example of the plant and animal carrying out this characteristic.

49. 10. What is the name given to animals with a backbone? • A vertebrate. • 11. What is the name given to animals without a backbone? • An invertebrate.

50. 12. List four things that are non-living, giving a reason why you have chosen them. • (For example) • 1. Temperature, as it is a measure of how hot or cold something is. • 2. A microwave, as it is a machine and carries out no characteristics of life. • 3. Oxygen, as it a gas. • 4. A computer, as it is a machine and carries out no characteristics of life.