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Neurons and Nervous System Signaling: Understanding Incoming Signals and Response

This article explores the functioning of neurons and the nervous system in perceiving the environment and integrating incoming signals. It discusses the parts of a neuron, signal transmission, and the conversion of electrical signals to chemical signals at synapses. Additionally, it covers the detection of stimuli such as smells and light by receptor neurons in the nose and eyes, and the integration of various incoming signals by the brain. The article also touches on the specialization of brain regions and the factors influencing brain formation and variation in university examination outcomes.

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Neurons and Nervous System Signaling: Understanding Incoming Signals and Response

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  1. Homework #3 is due 4/11. Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.

  2. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response. CB 48.3

  3. Neurons: cells specialized for transmitting signals CB 48.5

  4. Parts of a neuron Axon Signals

  5. In the brain neurons are shorter and highly interconnected CB 48.7

  6. At the synapse the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal at synapse chemical electrical electrical

  7. Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do. CB 48.16

  8. Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.

  9. The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals CB 48.19

  10. Nervous System Signaling Stimulus Integration Transduction Transmission Response

  11. Smells are detected by receptor neurons in our nose. Each receptor is sensitive to a different chemical CB 49.15

  12. Light is detected in the eye by receptors on the retina CB 49.18

  13. Some vision problems arise from misshapen eyeballs too long too short CB 49.19

  14. CB 49.23

  15. Light receptor neurons of the eye: Rods detect black and white Cones detect colors…one type of cone for each color - red, blue, and green CB 49.22

  16. No light No Signal Inhibitory neuro- transmitter Membrane depolarized CB 49.23

  17. light Signal sent No inhibitory neuro- transmitter Polar Membrane CB 49.23

  18. The optic nerves for each eye enter opposite sides of the brain CB 49.24

  19. The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals CB 48.19

  20. Different regions of the cerebral cortex integrate different inputs/outputs CB 48.27

  21. Visualizing the specialization of brain regions CB 48.29

  22. Some body parts have more sensory input/ motor control CB 48.28

  23. What effects how the brain is formed? CB 48.27

  24. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 CB 48.27

  25. Exam score data for 1995-2001 Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

  26. Autumn born females have lowest average scores Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

  27. Autumn and Spring born males have lowest average scores Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

  28. Variance of scores in males is much higher Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

  29. Average female exam scores Fig 1

  30. One year of female exam scores:highest scores for students born in May

  31. Pattern of birth season effects different in males and females Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

  32. What effects how the brain is formed? CB 48.27

  33. Homework #3 is due 4/11. Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.

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