Mitigation of GHG Emission: New Technology and other non-technological measures

1. Mitigation of GHG Emission:New Technology and other non-technological measures 7 January 2008 By K.S. Lam PolyU

2. References • IPCC Fourth Assessment Report- Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change • 2007, IPCC Second Assessment Report • Greenhouse Gas Emission Control Study • 2000, Environmental Protection Department • International Conference on Climate Change, 2007, Hong Kong

3. Declaration • In this presentation, most information - are extracted from IPCC reports and EPD report; - show the numbers of technology reducing GHG emissions; - do not include the cost of technology; - do not include the barrier of technology; - do not include the mitigation options with vulnerability, adaptation and sustainable development

4. GHG emissions in 2000 (by sector)

5. Mitigation Approach • To stabilize GHG at 550ppm, GHG needs to be cut by 80% from today’s level. • No one single technology can achieve this reduction. Mitigation has to be achieved in all sectors. • GHG can be cut in 4 ways: • Increased efficiency • Reducing demand • Action on non-energy emissions • Switch to low-carbon technologies

6. Increase Efficiency and Reduce Demand

7. 1.1 Increase efficiency in Power Generation • Change from coal fired to gas fired.

8. Schematic of Gas fired Plant

9. Gas - Natural Gas (Less carbon-intensive sources of energy) • Efficiency of coal fired power Plants: about 35% • Efficiency of gas fired power Plants: can reach 56% • CO2 emission of gas fired is 57% of coal fired

10. 1.2. Increase efficiency in Transport • (1) Aviation • (2) Rail • (3) Road transport • (4) Shipping

11. Aviation • Fuel efficiency improvement by (1) Aerodynamic improvements (2) weight reductions (3) engine fuel efficient development • Air traffic control • Open more air corridor, shortest path saves energy • Alternative fuel - HYDROGEN

12. Rail • Energy efficiency technologies for railways are discussed in http://www.railway-energy.org/tfee/index.php • Aims of technology (1) Reducing aerodynamic resistance (2) Reducing train weight (3) Regenerative braking (4) Higher efficiency propulsion system

13. Road Transport • Incremental improvements in current vehicle technologies • Advanced technologies: greater use of electric-drive technologies (hybrid electric power trains, fuel cells and battery electric vehicles) • Alternative fuels: natural gas, biofuels, electricity, hydrogen

14. Increase Efficiency in Transport • Electronic road price system. • Electronic real-time traffic volume information dissemination.

15. Increase Efficiency in Transport • Flying cars in the future? • Levitation in the future?

16. 1.3 Building GHG mitigation options • Overview of energy efficiency principles - Reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads (structural insulation panel, glazing layer) - Increase efficiency of appliances, heating and cooling equipment and ventilation

17. 1.3 Building GHG mitigation options • Overview of energy efficiency principles - Improve operations and maintenance - Change behaviour - Utilize active solar energy and other environmental heat sources and sinks - Utilize system approaches to building design - Consider building form, orientation and related attributes - Minimize halocarbon emissions

18. Building GHG mitigation options • Thermal envelope - Refers to the shell of the building as a barrier to unwanted heat or mass transfer between the interior of the building and the outside conditions - Insulation material - Thermal performance of windows (e.g. multiple glazing layers, low-emissivity coastings, use of framing material) - Air leakage (seals leaks) • Heating systems - Passive solar heating - Space heating systems

19. Building GHG mitigation options Radiant Cooling Panel • Cooling and cooling loads - Reducing the cooling load, 25.5C rather than 20C - Natural ventilation • Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system for commercial buildings, 2 alternatives: Radiant chilled-ceiling cooling, (2) Displacement ventilation • Building energy management systems (BEMS)

20. Building GHG mitigation options • Active collection and transformation of solar energy - Building-integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV) - Solar thermal energy for heating water • Domestic hot water - use of water saving fixtures - use of more efficient and better insulated water heaters - use of tankless water heaters - recovery of heat from warm waste water - use of air-sources or exhaust-air heat pumps

21. Building GHG mitigation options • Household appliances, consumer electronics and office equipment

22. 1.3 Increase Efficiency of A/C • Change A/C from air cool to water cool, save >20% electricity.

23. Building GHG mitigation options • Lighting systems - natural light, light well, light pipe

24. Increase efficiency of Lighting • Change light bulb to fluorescence to LED. • Incandescent Watt = 6 * fluorescent Watt = 12* LED Watt Incandescent Fluorescent LED

25. Increase efficiency of Lighting • Future: • Building will use LED • PV/LED, use solar energy to power LED lighting

26. Increase efficiency in Lift • One for low floors and one for high floors? • Odd/Even floors vs all floors? • Double deck?

27. 1.4. Industry Measures for reducing GHG emissions • Management practices • Energy efficiency • Fuel switching, including the use of waste materials • Heat and power recovery • Renewable energy • Material efficiency and recycling • Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), including oxy-fuel combustion Most technologies are discussed in the previous sections

28. 1.5 General principles to reduce Demand • Reduce population. • Reduce waste. • Use only when it is needed. • Purchase energy efficient products. • Reduce size of products. • Walk – bicycle – mass transit – motor vehicle. • Satellite city: home near office. • Work at home? Home office?

29. 2. Action on Non-Energy Emissions

30. 2.1 Mitigating GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems • Cropland management • Grazing land management/pasture improvement • Management of organic soil • Restoration of degraded land • Livestock management • Manure/biosolid management • Bioenergy Source: IPCC 2007 Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Chnage

31. 2.2. Forestry • 1m3 of wood stores 0.92tCO2 • Mitigation Activities (1) Maintaining or increasing the forest area (2) Maintaining or increasing the carbon density (3) Increasing off-site carbon stocks in wood products and enhancing product and fuel substitution

32. 2.3. Methane from Landfill Site (1) landfilling with landfill gas recovery (CH4) - Active landfill gas extraction system

33. Methane from Landfill Site Tai Kwu Ling Landfill Site Plant

34. 2.3. Waste Management (2) post-consumer recycling - reduce - recycling - re-use

35. 2.3 Waste Management (3) Composting of selected waste fractions - Fluorinated gases (CFCs and HCFCs) (4) Processes that reduce GHG generation compared to landfilling - incineration - production of refuse-derived fuel - industrial co-combustion - Biological treatment (compositing, anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment) - wastewater and sludge treatment

36. 3. Low Carbon Emission Technologies

37. 3.1Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) • CCS - an approach to mitigating global warming by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants and subsequently storing it instead of releasing it into the atmosphere • CO2 Storage: (1) geological storage, (2) ocean storage, (3) mineral storage

38. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

39. 1.1 Integrated gasification combined cycle

40. IGCC • Clean coal technology – coal gasification and combined cycle. • Coal gasification – coal is partially combusted with oxygen and steam to produce syngas. The syngas then is cleaned before entering gas turbine. • Combine cycle – syngas drive gas turbine first, the residual heat then make steam which drive steam turbine. Consume less fuel per kWhr.

41. Geological Storage

42. Ocean Storage

43. Emissions to air from plants with or without CCS (kg/(MW·h)) Source: IPCC special report 2005 Between brackets the increase or decrease compared to a similar plant without CCS

44. Examples of power plants with CCS • StatoilHydro – Natural gas Field (http://www.statoilhydro.com/no/Pages/default.aspx) • FutureGen Alliance – Coal-fueled power plant (http://www.futuregenalliance.org/news/releases/pr_12-18-07.stm)

45. 3.2. Low Carbon Power Generation • Nuclear: Uranium, Uranium recycle, Fusion • Renewable: • Hydro, • Wind, • Solar PV, • Biomass, • Geothermal, • Ocean.

46. Nuclear Energy

47. Nuclear Power • It is considered as a non-renewable energy • Little GHG emissions. • Total life-cycle GHG emissions per unit of electricity produced from nuclear power are below 40gCO2-eq/kWh. • It is considered to be the short to medium term solution for mitigation of CO2 emission. • As of December 2006, 442 nuclear power plants were in operation with a total installed capacity of about 370GWe • In 2005, 2626 TWh of electricity (16% of the world total) was generated by nuclear power

48. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant

49. Renewable Energies

50. Renewable energy • Renewable energy accounted for over 15% of world energy supply in 2004 • Renewable: Hydro, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, Solar PV, Ocean