Approach to Acute Headache in Adults

1. Journal Review By: SHIRIN BITAJIAN, MD NEIMEF Residency Program Approach to Acute Headache in Adults BARRY L. HAINER, MD, and ERIC M. MATHESON, MD, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina Am Fam Physician. 2013 May 15;87(10):682-687.

2. You get a call from ER. 35 year old male presents to ER for right sided eye pain and headache. • You are told by the first year resident, that the call from ER is in regards to a patient who came in with a C/O right sided eye pain. This is associated with drainage from same side and a severe unremitting headache which is sharp and knife like, 12/10 intensity, and mostly on right side. This started after an altercation. No nausea or vomiting. • Patient has history of headaches. • What is the diagnoses? Do you need any imaging?

3. What’s Up Doc??? What’s the diagnosis?? What’s up Doc??? What’s the Diagnosis???

4. Interns!!! Mention all the history but forget to mention the most important fact!!!

5. Types of Headaches • The most common types of headaches are • Tension-type headaches 40 % of adult population • Migraines 10% of adult population • Cluster headaches 1 %of the adult population • Most headache diagnoses are based entirely on the patient history. • Only rarely does physical examination provide clues to the diagnosis

6. International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. (ICHD-2) • Primary headaches • Migraine • Tension-type • Cluster • Other (e.g., cold stimulus headache) • Secondary headaches • Headache attributed to any of the following: head or neck trauma, cranial or cervical vascular disorder, nonvascular intracranial disorder, substance use or withdrawal, infection, disturbance of homeostasis, psychiatric disorder • Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of the cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth, or other facial or cranial structures

7. Criteria for Low-Risk Headaches • Age younger than 30 years • Features typical of primary headaches • History of similar headache • No abnormal neurologic findings • No concerning change in usual headache pattern • No high-risk comorbid conditions (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus infection) • No new, concerning historical or physical examination findings

8. History in Evaluation of Acute Headache Following require prompt evaluation: • Thunderclap headache, which is characterized by sudden-onset headache pain, with peak intensity occurring within several minutes. • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • hypertensive emergencies • vertebral artery dissections • acute angle–closure glaucoma • Increase the risk of intracranial bleeding or Stroke: • Use of illicit drugs (cocaine , methamphetamine) • Medications such as aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids. • HIV or other immunosuppressive conditions may suggest: a brain abscess, meningitis, or malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS). • A patient who reports the worst headache of his or her life, especially if the patient is older than 50 years, or who has a headache that occurs with exertion (including sexual intercourse) could be experiencing intracranial hemorrhage or carotid artery dissection.

9. Physical Examination Findings • Neurologic abnormalities • A focal neurologic deficit should not be attributed to migraine headache unless a similar pattern has occurred with a previous migraine. • Abnormal findings can be pronounced, such as meningismus or unilateral vision loss, or subtle, such as extensor plantar response or unilateral pronator drift. • Obtundation or confusion suggests a dangerous headache because these signs do not occur with benign or primary headache. • Patients with headache and fever, papilledema, or severe hypertension require evaluation for CNS infection and increased intracranial pressure. • Contusions and facial or scalp lacerations increase the likelihood of associated intracranial hemorrhage.

11. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

12. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Neuroimaging • All patients who present with signs or symptoms of dangerous headache, because they are at increased risk of intracranial pathology.

13. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Lumbar Puncture • Identifying infection, the presence of red blood cells (which suggests bleeding), and abnormal cells associated with some CNS malignancies. • In adults with suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage, it is important to perform lumbar puncture to check for blood or xanthochromia. • Computed tomography of the head should be performed before lumbar puncture.In one supporting study, 5 percent of patients presenting to an emergency department with suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage and a normal neurologic examination had early intracranial herniation or midline shift.

14. Tension-Type Headache

15. ICHD-2 Diagnostic Criteria for Episodic /Chronic Tension-Type Headache A. Average frequency of greater than 15 attacks per month; Headache lasts 30 minutes to seven days (<12 is labeled as Infrequent chronic tension type headache) B. At least two of the following pain characteristics: 1. Pressing/tightening quality 2. Mild to moderate intensity (may inhibit, but does not prohibit activities) 3. Bilateral location 4. Not aggravated by routine physical activity C. Both of the following: 1. No vomiting 2. No more than one of the following: nausea, photophobia or phonophobia D. Organic disorder is ruled out by the initial evaluation or by diagnostic studies. If another disorder is present, the headaches should not have started in close temporal relationship to the disorder.

16. Tension-Type Headache • For Chronic, all of the following: • Frequency: average of 15 or more headache days per month for more than 3 months • No vomiting • No more than one of nausea, photophobia or phonophobia • For Episodic, all of the following: • Frequency: less than 15 headache days per month • No vomiting or nausea • No more than one of photophobia or phonophobia

17. Tension-Type Headache • Most common form of headache, and affects more than 40 percent of the adult population worldwide. • Women are affected slightly more often than men. • Nociceptors in the pericranialmyofascial tissues are a likely source of tension headaches. • Individuals who meet the criteria for tension-type headache but who have normal neurologic examination results require no additional laboratory testing or neuroimaging.

18. Tension-Type Headache Treatments: • Acetaminophen • Aspirin • NSAIDs • Midrin(Acetaminophen, Isometheptene and Dichloralphenazone) • Avoid overuse of treatment meds

19. CLUSTER HEADACHES

20. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Relatively rare, and are characterized by brief (15 to 180 minutes) episodes of severe head pain with associated autonomic symptoms. • Although cluster headaches are less common than migraines and tension-type headaches, an estimated 500,000 Americans experience them at least once in a lifetime. • The age of onset of cluster headaches varies, with 70 percent of patients reporting onset before 30 years of age.

21. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Family history appears to have a role in some cases. • A number of comorbidities are associated with cluster headaches, including: • Depression (24 percent) • Sleep apnea (14 percent) • Restless legs syndrome (11 percent) • Asthma (9 percent) • Depression is an important diagnosis, because many individuals who have cluster headaches report suicidal thoughts, and 2 percent of patients in one study had attempted suicide.

22. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Only 25 percent of patients with cluster headaches are diagnosed correctly within one year of symptom onset, and more than 40 percent report a delay in diagnosis of five years or longer. • The most common incorrect diagnoses reported in one study were migraine (34 percent), sinusitis (21 percent), and allergies (6 percent).

23. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Frequency: one every other day to 8 per day • Severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal pain most common but can present as bilateral. • Pain lasting 15 to 180 minutes untreated • One or more of the following occur on same side as the pain: • Conjunctival injection • Lacrimation (tearing) • Nasal congestion • Rhinorrhea • Forehead and facial swelling • Miosis (constricted pupil) • Ptosis (eyelid drooping) • Eyelid edema • Agitation, unable to lie down

24. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Episodic form(80 to 90 percent of cases): • episodes occur daily for a number of weeks followed by a period of remission. • On average, a period of cluster headaches lasts six to 12 weeks, with remission lasting up to 12 months. • Chronic form (10 to 20 percent of cases): • episodes occur without significant periods of remission.

25. CLUSTER HEADACHES • Acute treatment: • Oxygen • Sumatriptan SQ (self-management) • Zolmitriptan nasal (self-management) • DHE • Bridge treatment (for quick suppression of attacks until maintenance treatment reaches therapeutic level): • Corticosteroids • Occipital nerve block • Maintenance treatment (for sustained suppression of attacks over the expected cluster cycle): • Avoid alcohol during cycle • Verapamil • Steroids • Lithium • Depakote • Topiramate

26. Sinus Headache

27. Sinus Headache • Migraine-associated symptoms are often misdiagnosed as "sinus headache" by patients and clinicians. Most headaches characterized as "sinus headaches" are migraines. • The International Classifications of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) defines sinus headache by: • Purulent nasal discharge • Pathologic sinus finding by imaging • Simultaneous onset of headache and sinusitis • Headache localized to specific facial and cranial areas of the sinuses

28. Chronic daily headache • Headache more than 15 days per month for greater than three months. Chronic daily headache is not a diagnosis but a category that may be due to disorders representing primary and secondary headaches. • Secondary headaches are typically excluded with appropriate neuroimaging and other tests. • Chronic daily headache can be divided into: • Those headaches that occur nearly daily that last four hours or less and those that last more than four hours, which is more common. • The shorter-duration daily headache contains less-common disorders such as chronic cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias.

29. Hemicrania Continua • Headache for more than three months fulfilling criteria B-D B. All of the following characteristics: • unilateral pain without side-shift • daily and continuous, without pain-free periods • moderate intensity, but with exacerbations of severe pain C. At least one of the following autonomic features occurs during exacerbations and ipsilateral to the side of pain: • conjunctival injection and/or lacrimation • nasal congestion and/or rhinorrhoea • ptosis and/or miosis D. Complete response to therapeutic doses of indomethacin

30. MIGRAINE HEADACHES

31. What are Migraines?

32. MIGRAINE HEADACHES • Useful clinical criteria from the history and physical examination for distinguishing migraine from tension-type headache include nausea, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). • Physical activity often exacerbates migraine headache. • Combined findings useful for distinguishing migraine can be summarized by the POUND mnemonic (pulsatile quality, duration of four to 72 hours, unilateral location, nausea or vomiting, and disabling intensity). Patients who meet at least four of these criteria are most likely to have a migraine.

33. Migraine with or without aura A. Two or more of the following: • Unilateral location • Pulsating or throbbing quality • Moderate to severe intensity • Aggravated by routine activity B. Plus 1 or both of the following: • Nausea/vomiting • Photophobia and phonophobia C. Previous similar headaches Aura criteria: • One or more reversible aura symptoms • One or more aura symptoms develop over more than 4 minutes, or two or more symptoms occur in succession • Symptoms do not last more than 60 minutes • Headache follows within 60 minutes

34. MIGRAINE HEADACHES • One study of 1,500 adults with migraine headache found that the presence of nausea alone, or the presence of two of three features had positive likelihood ratios for migraine of 4.8 or greater and negative likelihood ratios of less than 0.23.

35. MIGRAINE HEADACHES • Accurate categorization and characterization by both clinicians and patients is important. The categorization of migraine influences choice of treatment method. • Severity levels: • Mild : Patient is aware of a headache but is able to continue daily routine with minimal alteration. • Moderate : The headache inhibits daily activities but is not incapacitating. • Severe : The headache is incapacitating. • Status : A severe headache that has lasted more than 72 hours.

36. Factors That May Trigger Migraine Environmental: • Temperature (exposure to heat/cold) • Bright lights or glare • Noise • Head or neck injury • Weather changes • Motion • Odors (smoke, perfume) • Flying/high altitude • Physical strain Lifestyle Habits: • Chronic high levels of stress • Skipping meals and/or poor diet • Disturbed sleep patterns • Smoking Hormonal: • Puberty • Menopause • Menstruation or ovulation • Pregnancy • Using oral contraceptives or estrogen therapy Emotional: • Anxiety • Depression • Anger (including repressed anger) • Excitement or exhilaration • "Let-down" response Medications: • Nitroglycerin • Nifedipine • Oral contraceptives • Hormone therapy

37. Dietary Factors That May Trigger Migraine • Dietary triggers vary considerably from patient to patient, are overall a minor and infrequent trigger for migraine headaches, and will not consistently precipitate a migraine headache in an individual for whom they have been a trigger in the past. • Triggers: • Citrus fruit • Aspartame • Caffeine • Aged cheese • Chocolate • Alcohol (red wine, beer) • Foods containing nitrites • Foods containing monosodium glutamate

38. Migraine Treatment • Mild migraine treatment (self-management): • APAP/ASA/Caffeine • ASA alone • Lidocaine nasal • Midrin • NSAIDs • Triptans • Moderate migraine treatment: • DHE (dihydroergotaminemesylate) • Lidocaine nasal • Midrin • NSAIDs • Triptans • Severe migraine treatment: • Prochlorperazine • Chlorpromazine • DHE • Ketorolac IM • Magnesium Sulfate IV • Triptans • Adjunctive therapy for all migraines: • Rest in quiet, dark room • IV rehydration • Antiemetics: • Hydroxyzine • Metoclopramide • Prochlorperazine • Promethazine • Caffeine

39. Status Migrainus (lasting > 72 hrs) treatment: • Hydration: It is recommended that the patient be hydrated prior to neurolepticadministration. • Thepatient should be observed in a medical setting as clinically appropriate after administration of a neuroleptic and should not drive for 24 hours.

40. Status Migrainus (lasting > 72 hrs) treatment: • DHE (dihydroergotaminemesylate) unless contraindicated. • Must not be given within 24 hours of receiving any triptan or ergot derivative. • Must not be used in patients with: • Pregnancy • History of ischemic heart disease • History of variant angina • Severe peripheral vascular disease • Cerebrovascular disease • Hemiplegic or basilar-type migraine • Onset of chest pain following DHE test dose • If not DHE, then: • Chlorpromazine • Valproate sodium IV • Magnesium Sulfate IV • Prochlorperazine • If treatment unsuccessful: • Opiates (not meperidine) • Dexamethasone