Essential Question : What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812?

1. Essential Question: • What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812? • Take notes on Madison video

2. The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

3. The Embargo of 1807 • When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807 • To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t: • He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade • He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection

5. The Embargo of 1807 “Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.”—TJ • For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809 • Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison • In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain But it produced economic hardship, smuggling, & political dissent in America Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days after Jefferson left office

7. The Road to the War of 1812 …but England continued to seize U.S. ships Madison eagerly reopened trade with England • The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy: • In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. would resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected • In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped seizing ships or impressing sailors)

8. Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most? Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812 Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights. “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England

9. The War of 1812

10. War of 1812 The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops • Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war: • Congress refused to raise taxes • The army was small & state militias were inadequate • The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war • The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe

11. The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war) The War of 1812 In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore

14. “Battle of New Orleans”—Johnny Horton (1959) In 1814 we took a little tripAlong with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.We took a little bacon and we took a little beansAnd we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans.[Chorus:]We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin' onDown the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.We looked down the river and we see'd the British come.And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring.We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.[Chorus]Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surpriseIf we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eyeWe held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well.Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

15. Hartford Convention The War of 1812 is still going on!! In order to reduce southern control of Congress • Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops • In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to: • restrict Congress’ war powers • supported a one-term president • abolish the three-fifths clause • They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty

16. Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but did not address U.S. neutrality • Effects of the War of 1812: • Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands • Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 • The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party Spain ceded Florida to the USA

17. Discussion Questions • To what extent was the War of 1812 a “second American Revolution”? • Which treaty was more significant in U.S. history: Jay’s Treaty (1794)OR the Treaty of Ghent (1814)? Explain • Which president was more successful: John Adams or James Madison? Explain.