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Cells and their Organelles!

Discover the fascinating history, structure, and functions of cells and their organelles. Learn about the differences between plant and animal cells, and delve into the essential components that make up the building blocks of life.

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Cells and their Organelles!

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  1. Cells and their Organelles!

  2. Objectives • History of a Cell • Cell Organelles; Description and Functions • Difference between plant and animal cell

  3. History of the Cell • Cells first seen with a simple microscope • First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Cell named and described by Robert Hook in 1665

  4. Cell Theory: • 1. Cells are the basic units of life • 2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells • 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

  5. Types of Cells • Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and internal structures. • Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and internal structures.

  6. Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the world around it. Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Flexible and allows cell to change shape. Plasma Membraneaka- Lipid Bilayer

  7. Lipid Bilayer • Cell membranes consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail to tail. • The phosphate heads are polar and water loving • Lipid tails are nonpolar and water fearing

  8. Cell Wall • Provides support for the cell • Surrounds all Plant Cells • Rigid and allows for little or no movement • Made of cellulose and starch

  9. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • The “Brain” of the cell • Controls all activities and functions • Contains DNA in the form of Chromatin • One of the largest organelles in the cell

  10. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope that is 4x as thick as any other membrane • Nuclear Envelope is a form of protection

  11. Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores • Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus • Found in the center of the nucleus. • Responsible for making ribosomes

  12. Mitochondria! • Powerhouse of the cell. • Transforms energy for the cell (food molecules are broken down). • Cellular Respiration occurs here. • Highly Folded for more surface area. • Can be several hundred per cell.

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell • Production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles • Ex: Tissues inside box

  14. Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER • Rough is coated with ribosomes, smooth isn’t • Rough- site of PROTEIN synthesis • Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.

  15. Golgi Apparatus • Directs molecular traffic in the cell • Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes sacs

  16. Golgi Apparatus • Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to plasma membrane • Has vesicles that act as packages. • Nickname UPS

  17. Vacuoles • Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane • Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products • Usually one large vacuole in plants • Several smaller vacuoles in animal cells

  18. Lysosomes • AKA: Suicide Bags • Contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, invading viruses • Ex: Tadpole and its tail

  19. Ribosomes • Particles where the cell assembles proteins according to the directions of the DNA • Not bound by a membrane- still considered a cell organelle • Made by the nucleolus • Found free floating in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER

  20. Chloroplast • Only found in Plant Cells • Contains Chlorophyll • Photosynthesis occurs here • Each plant cell can have several chloroplast

  21. Cytoskeleton • Made of Microtubules and Microfilaments. (Both made of protein) • Found throughout the cell • Provide shape, support, and structure to the cell

  22. Cytoplasma • The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the cell • Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an animal cell • Chemical reactions occurs here

  23. FLAGELLA • Flagella are usually singular (occasionally there are more) projections found on the outside of the cell. • Primary means of transportation and or movement.

  24. Cillia • Several, hairlike projections that surround the outside of the a cell • Also used for movement and transportation

  25. Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell • All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall • All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast • All plant cells usually have one large vacuole the can occupy 90% of the cell.

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