Chapter 3

1. By: Brandon Bumanglag Chapter 3 The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 bce And Daniel Takayama

2. The Cosmopolitan Middle East,1700-1100 BCE • Hittites-a people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age • Hatshepsut-queen of Egypt, she dispatched a naval expedition to Punt • Akhenaten-Egyptian pharaoh who built a new capital at Armana • Ramesses II- long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt, reached accommodation and started a battle with the Hittites

3. The Cosmopolitan Middle East,1700-1100 BCE (cont.) • Late Bronze Age trade and diplomatic contacts between states fostered of goods and ideas, and elite groups enjoyed similar lifestyles and a relatively high standard of living • Immigrant groups that came to power in Babylonia and Egypt assimilated to Babylonian and Egyptian Language • New peoples in western Asia who learned and improved in the technologies and culture of Mesopotamia civilization challenged the old core area

4. The Cosmopolitan Middle East,1700-1100 BCE (cont.) • The Hittites used the technologies of chariot warfare and iron metallurgy to dominate Anatolia • New Kingdom Egypt abandoned traditional isolationism and extended control over Syria-Palestine and Nubia • Long-distance trade networks were based on metals and expedited by the advent of horses and camels

5. The Aegean World • Minoan- Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second Millennium B.C.E. • Mycenae- Site of a fortified palace complex in Southern Greece that controled a Late Bronze Age Kingdom • Shaft Graves- A term used for the burial sites of elite members of the Mycenean Greek society • Linear B- A set of symbolic symbols • By 2000 B.C.E. Crete was the home to the first European Civilization with complex political and social structures and advanced technology.

6. The Assyrian Empire • Mass Deportation- The forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people • Library of Ashurbanipal- a large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia • King of Assyrian was at the center of government and the state religion • Ceaseless campaigns of conquest brought booty, tribute and taxes, and control of international commerce and valuable resources

7. Israel, 2000-500 B.C.E. • Israel- Occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. • Hebrew Bible- A collection of sacred books containing many information about the Israelites • First Temple- Monumental structure built in Jerusalem by King Solomon, religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh • Monotheism- Belief in the existence of a single divine entity • Diaspora- Greek word “dispersal”, used to describe communities living outside their homeland. • Early Israelites were nomadic pastoralists, but eventually settled sown as farmers/herders in Canaan • Urbanization, wealth from trade and the status of the temple priesthood created divisions within Israelite society

8. Phoenicia and The Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E. • Phoenicians-Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria who speak Semitic • Carthage- City located in Tunisia and became a major commercial center and naval power • Tyre located on a practically impregnable offshore island and led by a king and merchant aristocracy, became the dominant Phoenician state • The religion of Carthaginians, included the sacrifice of children in times of crisis

9. Failure and Transportation, 750-550 B.C.E. • The extension of Assyrian power over the entire Middle East had enormous consequences for all the peoples of the region • The Neo- Babylon kingdom took over much of the territory of the Assyrian empire and fostered a culture renaissance • The Assyrian state was weakened by the population of the homeland