Introduction to Unix (CA263) Reading Data

1. Introduction to Unix (CA263)Reading Data By Tariq Ibn Aziz Dammam Community College Compunet Corporation

2. Objectives • In this lecture you will learn • how to read data • Special echo Escape characters • The $$ variable and temporary file • The exit status from read Compunet Corporation

3. read variables • When read command is executed, the shell read a line from standard input and assign the first word read to the first variable listed in variables, the second word read to the second variables, and so on. read x y Compunet Corporation

4. read variables[2] $ read text • Will read and store an entire line into the shell variable text. Compunet Corporation

5. Special echo Escape Characters • The echo command always automatically displays a terminating newline character after the last argument. • This can be suppressed if the last two character given to echo are the special escape character \c. • Use echo –e to make effect of escape characters Compunet Corporation

6. read Example[1] $cat rolo echo –e ' Would you like to: 1. Look up someone 2. Add someone to the phone book 3. Remove someone from the phone book Please select one of the above (1 – 3): \c ' read choice echo case "$choice" in • echo "Enter name to the look up:\c" read name lu "$name";;

7. read Example[2] 2) echo "Enter name to be added:\c" read name echo "enter number: \c" add "$name" "$number";; 3) echo "Enter name to be removed:\c" read name rem "$name";; *) echo "Bad Choice";; esac $ Compunet Corporation

8. add program $ cat lu # # Look someone up in the phone book # grep "$1" phonebook Compunet Corporation

9. rem program $ cat rem # # remove someone to the phone book # grep –v "$1" phonebook >/tmp/phonebook mv /tmp/phonebook phonebook $ Compunet Corporation

10. add program $ cat add # # add someone to the phone book version 2 # echo "$1 $2" >> phonebook Sort –o phonebook phonebook $ Compunet Corporation

11. The $$ Variable and Temporary Files • If two or more people on your system use the rolo program at the same time, there’s a potential problem that may occur. • In rem program problem may occur with the /tmp/phonebook. • If more than one person is using rolo to remove an entry at the same time, phonebook file can get messed up. Compunet Corporation

12. The $$ Variable and Temporary Files • $$ is equal to the process id number (PID) of your login shell. • Each process on the UNIX system is given a unique process id number, using the value of $$ in the name of file will minimize the possibility of another process using the same file. grep –v "$1" phonebook >/tmp/phonebook$$ mv /tmp/phonebook$$ phonebook Compunet Corporation

13. The $$ Variable $ echo $$ 4668 $ ps PID TTY TIME COMMAND 4668 co 0:09 sh 6470 co 0:03 ps Compunet Corporation

14. Exit Status from read • read always returns exit status of zero unless an end of the condition is detected on the input. • Ctrl +d is the end of input from terminal • If data is coming from a file, then it means that there’s no more data to read from the file. Compunet Corporation

15. $ cat addi # add pairs of # integer while read n1 n2 do expr "$n1" + "$n2" done $ $ addi 10 25 35 -5 12 7 123 3 126 Ctrl-d $ Exit status Example[1] Compunet Corporation

16. $ cat data 1234 7960 593 -595 395 304 3234 999 -394 -493 $ addi < data > sums $ $ cat sums 9194 -2 699 4233 -887 $ Exit status Example[2] Compunet Corporation

17. $ cat number lineno=1 cat $* | While read line do echo "$lineno. $line" lineno=`expr $lineno + 1` done $ $ cat phonebook Tariq 877 Rashid 816 Arshad 884 $ number phonebook Tariq 877 Rashid 816 Arshad 884 Exit status Example[3] Compunet Corporation

18. Exit status Example[4] $ who | number • root console Jul 25 07:55 • tariq tty03 Jul 25 07:55 • rashid tty13 Jul 25 07:55 • arshad tty04 Jul 25 07:55 $ Compunet Corporation

19. Exit status Example[5] • The number program don’t work well for lines that contains backslashes or leading whitespace characters. $ number Here are some backslashes:\ \* • Here are some backslashes: * $ • Leading whitespaces characters are removed from any line that’s read. The backslash characters are also interpreted by the shell when it reads the line. Compunet Corporation