Adhik Badal Tribhuvan University

1. Conflict and Peace: Anthropological Approaches MA in Conflict, Peace and Development Studies (DCPDS)Semester: IICPD – 502BUnit: I AdhikBadal Tribhuvan University

2. What is Peace? “Peace determines not only about the survival of humanity, but also the quality of life for future generation” Laslie E. Sponsel

3. Emergence of Peace Studies • Quincy Wright: A Study of War (1946) • Peace Research emerged in the 1940s and it has flourished since 1960s • Growth and Expansion (Institutions, Journals, University Courses) • Scholarship, Research, Symposia • Peace Action has a long history (Civil right movements, anti war movements)

4. Anthropological Critique • Premise: negative peace/absence of war • Concerns: security, stability, order) • Level: national (civil), international and Global • Theme: History of arms control, nuclear weapons, alternative security system • Focus: violent conflict, or war (The working assumption was that a knowledge of the causes and function of war will help to reduce the frequency and intensity of war and to find alternative ways of conflict resolution that will lead to a peaceful world)

5. Alternative: Positive Peace • Social justice, freedom, equality, cooperation, and not just the absence of war. “A condition of society in which exploitation is minimized, eliminated altogether, and in which there is neither overt violence, nor the more subtle phenomenon of structural violence” David Barash

6. Mutual Relevance of Anthropology and Peace studies

7. Relevance of Anthropology for peace Studies • Holistic approach (Interdisciplinary & multidisciplinary) • Global thinking (Human Pre history to cross cultural studies) • Micro studies • Talks about cultural diversity and relativity • Gives detailed analysis of culture that are relatively non-violent and peaceful as well as those that are relatively violent. • Incorporates the theory of human nature. • Theory of tolerance.

8. Relevance of Peace studies for Anthropology • Catalyst for rethinking anthropology (history, theory, data and practice) • Provides background for better understanding the militarization of the third world. • Positive concept of peace can estimate a broader and more balanced approach to research and teaching regarding violence and war and nonviolence and peace. • Peace studies could help anthropology to develop an agenda of priorities for research, teaching, and action.

9. What is violence? • Violence can never be understood solely in terms of its physicality – force, assault, or the infliction of pain alone. Violence also includes assaults on the personhood, dignity, sense of worth or value of the victim. (Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois)

10. Structural Violence • Not just overt armed violence, but everyday, routine violence everywhere, not only III World • Invisible • Civilization tolerates/ indulges in selective violence

11. Symbolic Violence “Symbolic violence is the violence which is exercised upon a social agent with his or her complicity”. -Pierre Bourdieu (the general appearance, posture, or physical state of a patient, especially with regard to susceptibility to disease) The case of gender domination can be taken as a good example of symbolic violence.

12. Anthropology incorporates all types of violence Direct Violence (Genocide and Ethnocide) Terror Revolutionary violence

13. What is War? “War as a subset of human aggression involving the use of organized force between politically independent groups” Robert Carnerio (1967) “Sanctioned use of lethal weapons by members of one society against members of another society” Anthony Wallace (1968)

14. Why Conflict, Violence and War? • Biological, genetic? • Anomie(social instability), normlessness? • Economic ruin? • Political disorganization? • Resource competition ? • Electoral/political competition? • Essentialization, dehumanization(britalize,desensitize,degrade) of the other?

15. Thank you for your patience!