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BBI 2421

BBI 2421. PJJ – Second Meeting. Essay. Introduction: What the essay is all about Last sentence is called “thesis statement” Body: Elaborates each subdivision of the essay One paragraph for one subdivision Conclusion: Summarizes or reviews the main point. Introduction General statement

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BBI 2421

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  1. BBI 2421 PJJ – Second Meeting

  2. Essay • Introduction: • What the essay is all about • Last sentence is called “thesis statement” • Body: • Elaborates each subdivision of the essay • One paragraph for one subdivision • Conclusion: • Summarizes or reviews the main point

  3. Introduction General statement Thesis statement Body Topic sentence 1 Supporting point 1 Supporting details 1 Topic sentence 2 Supporting point 2 Supporting details 2 Topic sentence 3 Supporting point 3 Supporting details 3 conclusion

  4. Introductory Paragraph • Attracts the reader’s interest (general information) • Introduces the topic of the essay (thesis statement)

  5. Thesis Statement • State the specific topic of the essay • List the subtopic of the main topic • Eg: • Three of the more successful styles are … • Therefore, workaholics’ lifestyles can affect their families, social lives, and health. • Teenagers express their separateness most vividly in their choice of clothes, hairstyle, music and vocabulary.

  6. Body Paragraph • One body paragraph for one subdivision • It may and may not have a conclusion • Each paragraph supports the thesis statement

  7. Conclusion • It signals the end of the essay • It reminds the reader of your main point • It leaves readers with your final thought

  8. MISTAKES • Unclear introduction • Unclear thesis statement • Disorganize thesis statement • Disorganize body paragraph • New subdivision in body paragraph • Conclusion does not reflect your whole essay • Introducing new idea in conclusion • Wrong usage of transition signals • Get lost in one’s own writing • Contradict one’s own idea

  9. Opinion Essay: • Introduction • General idea • Thesis statement • Body paragraph • Point 1 • Point 2 • Point 3 • Conclusion • Recommendation

  10. Thesis statement • Topic sentence

  11. Definition: • There are three parts: • Concept • Category • Characteristic(s)

  12. Concept: • Eg: Casual Friday refers to • Category: • Eg: the custom • Distinguishing characteristics: • Eg: of office workers wearing casual clothes to work on Friday.

  13. Casual Friday refers to the custom of office workers wearing casual clothes to work on Friday.

  14. Body Paragraph: • Have a clear topic sentence • Discuss each points separately, one after the other. • Introduce each point with a signal word / phrases. • Eg: • The first reason… • Another quality of a … • In addition, … is another advantage of …

  15. Expansion of Points: • To give a clearer idea to the reader • This is necessary, especially when you have a one-word term or a phrase such as staycation, memory, medical tourism, low blood pressure.

  16. Example: • Support each point with relevant details like examples or statistics; numbers, costs, amounts, percentages.

  17. Coherence: • Flow (one sentence must lead to the next one) • Ways to practice coherence: • Use nouns and pronouns CONSISTENTLY. • Use transition signals: • To move to new idea. • To show relations among ideas. • Use logical division of ideas: • Most important – less important. • Less important – most important.

  18. Use Nouns and Pronounce CONSISTENTLY: • Continue to use the same nouns and pronouns you start with. • Eg: • Noun: • Students ≠ student. • Pronoun: • You ≠ they / he / him.

  19. Tips: • Use a plural noun rather than a singular noun when referring to a group of people of both sexes. • Use a plural pronoun rather than a singular pronoun to make it less awkward. • Eg: • A student must display his or her matric card when in campus. • Students must display their matric card when in campus.

  20. APA citation • Use author-date method • In-text citation: • Short / long quotations • Directly quoting from a work • Summary / paraphrase • Using your own words

  21. Short quotations • Author (Year of publication), “xxx” • Page number for the reference (p. 25) • Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase • According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). • Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199). • She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

  22. Long quotations • 40> words • Free-standing block • No quotation marks • On a new line, indented 5 spaces from the left margin

  23. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

  24. Summary / paraphrase • Author (year of publication), xxx • Page number is optional but encouraged. • According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. • APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

  25. Author(s) • 2: name both, use ‘and’ • Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... • (Wegener & Petty, 1994) • 3-5: name all the 1st time, first author followed by ‘et al.’ the 2nd time onwards • (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) • (Kernis et al., 1993)

  26. 6>: first author followed by ‘et al.’ • Harris et al. (2001) argued... • (Harris et al., 2001) • Indirect source: use the original, (secondary) • Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

  27. Reference list:Printed • Book: • Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. • Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  28. Reference list:Printed • Newspaper: • Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x. • Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times, p. 7.

  29. Reference list:Printed • Newspaper (no author): • Title of the article. (year, month date). Title of newspaper, p. x. • Report casts shadow. (2007, October 16). Waikato Times, p. 7.

  30. Reference list:Printed • Magazine: • Author. A. A. (year, month date). Title of the article. Title of the magazine, volume, page number. • Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159, 69.

  31. Reference list:Electronic • Newspapers: • Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ • Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

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