Chapter 6 Data Types

1. Chapter 6 Data Types

29. Pointer Type A pointer has a memory address as it value (r-value), and also has a special value, nil (NULL in C) Pointer operations: • Assignment: Sets a pointer variable’s value to some useful address. (&) • Dereferncing: Fetches the value in the memory cell whose address is referenced by the pointer. (*)

30. Pointer Types (C) #include<stdio.h>; int main(){ int k, n; int *p; //Pointer declaration k = 560; p = &k; //Pointer assignment n = *p; //Pointer dereferencing printf("\n n = %d ",n); //Prints 560 return(0); }

31. Pointer Variables - Applications Indirect addressing ( p=&k ) Array addressing ( *(mat+3) ) Record Field addressing ( s->id ) Allocation of dynamic storage ( p = (int*) malloc(64); )

32. Dangling Reference • A dangling reference is a pointer that contains address of a dynamic variable that has been deallocated. • Pointer “p1” is set to point to a new heap-dynamic variable. • Pointer “p2” is assigned p1’s value. • The heap dynamic variable pointed to by “p1” is explicitly deallocated , and p1 is set to null. Pointer p2 is not changed. p2 is now a dangling reference.

33. Dangling Reference p1 Heap p2 (Deallocated) p1 (NULL) Heap p2

34. Dangling Reference Problems The location being pointed to by p2 may have been reallocated to some new heap-dynamic variable. The new value will bear no relationship with the old pointer’s dereferenced value. If p2 is used to change the heap dynamic variable, then the value of the new heap dynamic variable will be destroyed.

35. Lost Object A lost heap-dynamic variable (lost object) is an allocated heap-dynamic variable that is no longer accessible to the user program, but still contains some useful data. Pointer p1 is set to point to a heap-dynamic variable. p1 is set to point to another heap dynamic variable. The first heap-dynamic variable is now inaccessible, or lost.

36. Lost Object Lost object Heap Heap p1 p1 Heap

37. Pointers and Java • Java does not provide indirect addressing (&) and dereferencing operators (*). • Java also does not allow any pointer arithmetic. • Java does not allow explicit deallocation of storage. There is no explicit deallocation operator (such as “delete”). Since storage cannot be explicitly deallocated, you cannot have a dangling reference in Java.

38. Heap Management • Never reassign a pointer variable which has a dynamic storage allocation. Before reassigning a pointer, make sure that the storage it points to, is deallocated. • Immediately after deallocating a heap-dynamic storage, reset to null all the pointer variables pointing to it. • Whenever a large storage allocation from heap is requested, check if enough memory is available.