Accelerations and the evolution of acceleration

1. Accelerations and the evolution of acceleration Bas.Kooijman@vu.nl Brest, 2019/04/1-12 https://deb2019.sciencesconf.org

2. 2019 2019 Contents 1. What is acceleration? 2. 5 types of acceleration 3. Examples

3. 2019 2019 Metabolic acceleration Def: long-term increase of respiration relative to standard DEB expectation Types of acceleration • R: maturation • X: food (diet) • A: assimilation • M: morph • T: temperature Short-term increase in respiration (no metabolic acceleration) • heat increment of feeding • boosts of activity • migration • pregnancy/ lactation

4. 2019 2019 Standard DEB model: growth Rhizoprionodon acutus milk shark

5. Standard DEB model: respiration Crocodylus johnstoni, Data: Whitehead 1987 O2consumption, ml/h embryo yolk weight, g time, d time, d (Post) embryonic respiration = a L2+ b L3

6. 2019 2019 Type R acceleration Change in allocation to boost maturation • Increase in respiration • Decrease in growth • Hit maturity threshold earlier at smaller size Mueller et al 2012, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 163: 103-110

7. Type R acceleration 2019 2019 no yes acceleration development indirect Crinia georgiana Pseudophryne bibronii direct Crinia nimbus Geocrinia vitellina

8. Type R acceleration 2019 2019 Mueller et al 2012, Comp. Physiol. Biochem. A, 163:103-110 Crinia georgiana max dry weight 500 mg hatch hatch birth birth metam metam 12 °C Pseudophryne bibronii age, d max dry weight 200 mg hatch birth hatch birth metam metam

9. 2019 2019 Type X acceleration Def: increase of food intake during ontogeny, but no change in potential food intake Known examples concern change in food type

10. Type X acceleration 2019 2019 Perca fluviatilis Persson et al 2004 Ecol. Mon. 74: 135–157 Caenorhabditis elegans Byerly et al 1976 Developmental Biol. 51: 23-33. organic compounds → bacteria zooplankton → fish

11. 2019 2019 Type A acceleration Def: increase of potential food intake during ontogeny, but no change in mobilisation Known examples concern sex dimorphy Increase in reserve capacity

12. 2019 2019 Type A acceleration Mirounga leonina southern elephant seal Doryteuthis pealei longfin inshore squid

13. Type M acceleration 2019 2019 Def: increase of potential food intake during ontogeny, combined with increase in potential mobilisation Increase of specific assimilation {pAm} and energy conductance v with length from birth to metamorphosis No change in reserve capacity One-parameter extension of standard DEB model: maturity level at metamorphosis Applies to all species with morphological metamorphosis, but also to some taxa without

14. Type M acceleration metam 2019 2019 birth scaled length scaled time Gompertz expo-von Bertalanffy

15. Type M acceleration 2019 2019 scaled functional response f 1 scaled length 0.8 0.6 scaled time

16. 201 201 9 9 Platyhelminthes Arachnida Nematoda Crustacea Anthocephala Gastrotricha Tardigrada Rotifera Enthognatha Bryozoa Insecta Annelida Mollusca Chaetognatha Echinodermata Tunicata Ctenophora Mammalia Amphibia Mixini Cnidaria Leptocardii Sarcopterygii Aves Cephalaspidorphi Reptilia Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Porifera 1 2 5 10

17. 2019 2019 Type M acceleration max min Relative growth is independent of acceleration at birth, but accelerating species generally grow faster at puberty

18. 2019 2019 Type T acceleration Def: increase of all rates due to ontogenetic increase in body temperature of endotherms Mostly confined to birds. Embryos are ectothermic Neonate heating capacity not sufficient to maintain target temperature

19. 2019 2019 Type T acceleration Fit based on 4 °C increase during embryo development Agapornis personata, data from Bucher, 1983

20. Type T acceleration 2019 2019 t-T inferred from t-L curve t-T and t-L curves fitted simultaneously