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PROSTATE NEOPLASIA

PROSTATE ANATOMY. fibromuscular tissue (30-50%)glandular epithelial cells (50-70%)peripheral zone (most cancers)central zonetransition zone (BPH,low grade cancers). BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA . 17% of men age 50-59 (require Rx)27% of men age 60-69 (require Rx)35% of men age 70-79 (require Rx)Similar crosscultural prevalenceSome genetic and racial susceptibility to symptom severity (autosomal dominant)Diet high in saturated fats, zinc and low in fruits and vegetables.Sedentary life30337

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PROSTATE NEOPLASIA

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    1. PROSTATE NEOPLASIA BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA AND PROSTATE CANCER

    2. PROSTATE ANATOMY fibromuscular tissue (30-50%) glandular epithelial cells (50-70%) peripheral zone (most cancers) central zone transition zone (BPH,low grade cancers)

    4. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA 17% of men age 50-59 (require Rx) 27% of men age 60-69 (require Rx) 35% of men age 70-79 (require Rx) Similar crosscultural prevalence Some genetic and racial susceptibility to symptom severity (autosomal dominant) Diet high in saturated fats, zinc and low in fruits and vegetables. Sedentary life style.

    5. BPH Proposed Etiologies Reawakening of the urogenital sinus to proliferate Change in hormonal milieu with alterations in the testosterone/estrogen balance Induction of prostatic growth factors Increased stem cells/decreased stromal cell death

    6. BPH Pathophysiology Slow and insidious changes over time Complex interactions between prostatic urethral resistance, intravesical pressure, detrussor functionality, neurologic integrity, and general physical health.

    7. BPH Pathophysiology Initial hypertrophy?detrussor decompensation?poor tone?diverticula formation?increasing urine volume?hydronephrosis?upper tract dysfunction

    8. BPH SYMPTOMS Obstructive and Irritative Impairment of size/force of stream Hesitancy Intermittency Terminal dribbling Incomplete emptying Nocturia Frequency Urgency Dysuria

    9. Other late presenting signs/symptoms Abdominal/flank pain with voiding Uremia?fatigue,anorexia,somnolence Hernias, hemorroids, bowel habit change UTI’s Bladder calculi Hematuria

    10. Other Relevant History GU History (STD, trauma, surgery) Other disorders (eg. neurologic, diabetes) Medications (anti-cholinergics) Functional Status

    11. BPH Clinical Findings Late signs of renal failure ( eg. anemia, HTN) Abdominal exam?hydronephrosis/pyelonephritis GU exam? hernia, stricture, phimosis, cancer DRE? a smooth enlargement, “non-palpable” nodularity with a loss of distinction between the lobes. A soft/firm consistency,underestimates enlargement, can’t feel seminal vesicles

    12. BPH Danger Signs on DRE Firm to hard nodules Irregularities, unequal lobes Induration Stony hard prostate Any palpable nodular abnormality suggests cancer and warrants investigation

    13. BPH Clinical Evaluation AUA Score to assess sx severity but NOT for DDX DRE for prostate size, consistency,nodules, asymmetry, rectal tone and focused neuro exam Abdominal/GU exam UA, lytes (BUN,Creat.) PSA(interpret carefully) Uroflowmetry/residual urine measure Upper tract evaluation if hematuria, increased creatinine Ultrasound Cystoscopy Urine cytology

    15. BPH SYMPTOMS Differential Diagnosis Urethral stricture Bladder neck contracture Carcinoma of the prostate Carcinoma of the bladder Bladder calculi Urinary tract infection and prostatitis Neurogenic bladder

    16. BPH Natural History A progressive condition (usually) with histological onset in the 30’s and worse with age A 50 yo has a 20-25% lifetime chance of needing a prostatectomy A 40 yo who lives to 80 has a 30-40% chance of prostatectomy But these numbers will change with new medical Rx and one third of patients improve on their own Higher initial PSA’s predict faster growth and higher risk of acute urinary retention

    17. BPH TREATMENT INDICATIONS Absolute vs Relative Severe obstruction Urinary retention Signs of upper tract dilatation and renal insufficiency Moderate symptoms of prostatism Recurrent UTI’s Hematuria Quality of life issues

    18. ONE POSSIBLE APPROACH (use cautiously)

    19. BPH TREATMENT NON-SURGICAL Watchful waiting, AUA score < 7, 1/3 improve on own. Herbal Phytotherapy (eg. Saw Palmetto) Alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists (terazosin,doxazosin,tamsulosin,alfuzosin) 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride,dutasteride) Combination Rx most effective for most severe. Medical Rx has likely reduced Medicare claims for BPH surgery by 50%.

    20. BPH TREATMENT Surgical Indicated for AUA score >16 Transurethral Prostatectomy(TURP): 18% morbidity with .2% mortality. 80-90% improvement at 1 year but 60-75% at 5 years and 5% require repeat TURP. Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP): less morbidity with similar efficacy indicated for smaller prostates. Open Prostatectomy: indicated for glands > 60 grams or when additional procedure needed for suprapubic/retropubic approaches

    21. BPH TREATMENT New Modalities Minimally invasive: (Prostatic Stents,TUNA,TUMT, HIFU,Water-induced Thermotherapy) Laser prostatectomy (VLAP,ILC,CLAP,TULIP,HoLRP) Electrovaporization (TUVP,TVRP)

    22. PROSTATE CANCER Incidence/Prevalence Most common cancer in men. In the year 2000, 200K men were diagnosed and 30K died from the disease. 21% of all cancers. Increased risk with age with 30% presenting between age 70-79 and 67% between age 80-89. Slowly progressive (as a rule): low grade?good prognosis, high grade?poor prognosis, and moderate grade?variable prognosis.

    23. PROSTATE CANCER Possible etiologies/risk factors Age is the most important risk factor. Genetic predisposition/ racial and family history. Diet risk: high animal fat, high zinc, low vegetable and low fish(omega-3 fatty acids) intake, low selenium intake, low fruit, low vegetable intake. Hormonal risk: high testosterone, high insulin, and high insulin-like growth factor. Low UV light exposure, high pesticide exposure. No increase in risk with BPH or vasectomy. ? Protection from ASA, statins.

    24. PROSTATE CANCER Screening DRE: can detect tumors in the posterior and lateral aspects of the gland. Can detect extension. Accuracy depends on experience of examiner. PSA: must be interpreted in clinical context, higher sensitivity and lower specificity than DRE. Referral for TRUS and/or sextant biopsy if DRE or PSA abnormal. PPV for PSA >4 or DRE is ~30%. Screening is controversial. No consensus. Morbidity and mortality data inconclusive. Informed discussion with patient is essential.

    25. Prostate Cancer Screening ACP Discussion Points Prostate cancer is an important health problem. The benefits of one-time or repeated screening and aggressive treatment of prostate cancer have not yet been proven. DRE and PSA measurements can have both false-positive and false-negative results. The probability that further invasive evaluation will be required as a result of testing is relatively high. Aggressive therapy is necessary to realize any benefit from the discovery of a tumor.

    26. Prostate Cancer Screening ACP Additional Discussion Points A small but finite risk for early death and a significant risk for chronic illness, particularly with regard to sexual and urinary function, are associated with these treatments. Early detection may save lives. Early detection and treatment may avert future cancer-related illness.

    27. Prostate Cancer Screening and Treatment (the key question) “is cure possible in those for whom it is necessary, and is cure necessary in those for whom it is possible?” Dr. Willet Whitmore, 1990

    28. AUA 2007 Annual Meeting “Men are presenting at a younger age and lower stage. We are seeing fewer and fewer biochemical recurrences, and when they do occur, they are less lethal. Thousands of papers support this.” Dr.. Anthony D’Amico, Dana Farber Cancer Center

    29. “Reasonable” Recommendations in 2007 for Prostate Screening Yearly risk/benefit discussions for all men starting at age 50 who are expected to live 10 years. For blacks and those with + family hx start at 40-45. If decision to screen: yearly DRE/PSA until co-morbidities/age (75) limit life expectancy to 10 yrs Immediately refer if abnormal DRE or PSA>7. Repeat PSA between 4 -7 several weeks later and refer if still >4. If PSA <4, refer men who experience a PSA rise of more than .75 ng/mL/year (based on last three measurements obtained over 12 to 24 months).

    30. THE ROLE OF PSA Possible Refinements Consider age and race adjustments. PSA density(TRUS adjusted PSA). PSA velocity (rate of change of PSA)(>.75 ng/mL/yr). Free/Bound PSA values may be useful in separating elevations in PSA from BPH vs cancer. Interval recommendations may change, depending on age and PSA level.

    31. More PSA Refinements Delay performing test 48 hours after recent ejaculation or local trauma and wait at least 6 weeks after biopsy or TURP. If PSA elevated wait 2-4 weeks and repeat to confirm. Some experts recommend antibiotics before repeat.

    32. PROSTATE CANCER Signs Stony hard prostate. Hematuria, hematospermia. Irregular, firm, hard nodule on DRE. Signs of obstructive uropathy/Rising AUA Score. Neurologic cord compression signs. Pathologic fractures/Bone pain. Sudden onset of erectile dysfunction, painful ejaculation.

    33. PROSTATE CANCER Diagnosis Prostate biopsy by FNA or Biopty. 33-50% chance of biopsy being malignant. Differential Diagnosis: BPH, chronic prostatitis, prostatic TB, old biopsy fibrosis, prostatic cysts, prostatic calculi.

    34. PROSTATE CANCER Clinical Staging DRE?size, location, volume, local extension TRUS/Endorectal coil MRI?local extension CT/ProstaScint Scan?pre-op pelvic node assessment Pelvic Lymphadenectomy?pelvic nodes Other Tumor Markers PSA?highest in transition zone tumors and well differentiated tumors. Its greatest value is in detecting recurrence Bone Scan?mets

    35. PROSTATE CANCER STAGING TMN Staging & Gleason Scale T1 are microscopic and non-palpable T2 are palpable but confined to gland T3 protrude beyond the gland capsule T4 are fixed and extend well beyond the gland Based on tumor histology Grade 1 Gleason is the most well-differentiated Grade 5 is the most poorly differentiated Combined scores are reported (primary +secondary)(2-10)

    36. PROSTATE CANCER Treatment Options for Clinically Localized Disease Radical prostatectomy Radiation therapy (external beam or interstitial implantation) Watchful Waiting Possible hormonal therapy (ADT) is mostly used for locally advanced or metastatic disease. (Neoadjuvant ADT with Radiation may improve outcomes for men with intermediate/high pathological risk localized cancer.)

    38. MOST IMPORTANT TREATMENT ISSUES Patient’s medical condition/age. Gleason Grade and PSA. Is it Organ Confined?/Stage. Estimation of outcome for individual patient. Potential side effects of treatments. Greatest treatment benefit-> “moderate to poor grade cancers in younger, healthier age group.” Least treatment benefit-> “lower grade cancers in older, sicker age group.”

    39. MOST IMPORTANT POINTS FOR THE FAMILY PRACTITIONER For BPH: It is mostly a primary care disease for both diagnosis and treatment. Know the danger signs and when to refer. For Prostate Cancer: Screening and Rx may be controversial, but something is making a difference. All patients deserve an informed discussion about options.

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